Nephrology Flashcards
March hemoglobinuria??
Haematuria, or the presence of blood in urine, can be caused by a range of factors. Strenuous exercise may cause haematuria due to trauma to the bladder, dehydration or the breakdown of red blood cells that happens with sustained aerobic exercise. This is known as ‘march hemoglobinuria,’ and it’s commonly seen in long-distance runners.
Nephrocalcinosis occurs in which type of RTA??
1 (DISTAL)
RTA 1 is associated with which syndromes/diseases??
(SSAAIR)
Sjogren’s
SLE
Analgesic nephropathy
AMB toxicity
Idiopathic
RA
Which type of RTA causes osteomalacia??
os2malacia (Proximal)
RTA 2 is associated with which syndromes/diseases??
Fanconi syndrome
Willson’s
Cystinosis
Outdated tetracyclines
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Topiramate)
Which RTA is caused by Carbonic anhydrase 2 deficiency??
3 (Mixed)
RTA 4 is caused by which syndrome??
Hypoaldosteronism
Diabetes
Wegeners Granulomatosis associated with which nephritic syndrome??
RPGN
{ANCA + vasculitis
Goodpastuers}
A pt having history of epilepsy presents to you with rising cret levels, what can be done to confirm the cause of AKI??
Serum creatine kinase…
deposit of myoglobin. Creatine kinase is released into blood stream in case of a muscle injury, prevalent after seizures, crush syndromes, traumatic muscle injections, fall, drugs such as statins, malignant neuroleptic syndrome or rheumatological diseases such as dermatomyositis. It is a marker of possible acute kidney injury but what physically damage the glomerulus and kidney tubules is the deposit of myoglobin. It is characterised by dark urine and strong positivity for ‘Blood’ in urine dipstick, although it is not blood. This positivity is due to similar heme group that myoglobin and haemoglobin share.
A pt with high anion gap MA comes in a drowsy state with hx of citalopram use. What treatment should be given?
ETHANOL
{The treatment for ethylene glycol(anti freeze) poisoning includes oral or parenteral ethanol which competes with ethylene glycol preventing toxic metabolite formation. Methanol poisoning would present in a similar fashion although this is often associated with visual disturbance and occasionally blindness. Fomepizole (Alcohol dH inhibitor) used in preference to ethanol to treat ethylene glycol poisoning.}
Which drug should be started for primary nocturnal enuresis/bedwetting?
DESMOPRESSIN
(Synthetic ADH hormone)
Primarily works in the COLLECTING DUCTS of the kidney by binding to V2 receptors, thereby promoting the insertion of aquaporin-2 water channels, which allows more water to be reabsorbed back into the circulation.
Wolfram’s Syndrome?
Wolfram’s syndrome, also known as DIDMOAD syndrome, is a rare genetic disorder characterised by the triad of:
Diabetes Insipidus: Central diabetes insipidus occurs due to damage to the hypothalamus or pituitary gland, leading to inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
Diabetes Mellitus: Typically presents in childhood or adolescence, often associated with autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells.
Optic Atrophy: Progressive loss of vision due to degeneration of the optic nerve.
Deafness also occurs
