Nephrology

Question 1

Hyaline casts can be increased when

Answer 1

After exercise

Question 2

Waxy casts on microscopy indicate what?

Answer 2

Chronic renal failure, diabetic nephropathy

Question 3

Fatty casts on microscopy indicate what

Answer 3

Fatty degeneration of tubular epithelium, nephrotic syndrome, chronic GN, degenerative tubular dz

Question 4

musty or mousey urine odor indicates

Answer 4

phenylketonuria

Question 5

Nitrites are positive with what organisms?

Answer 5

Gram - organisms like .coli, enterobacter, pseudomonas

Question 6

Urobilinogen in urine

Answer 6

A sensitive test for liver function. positive with hepatic damage, hemorrhage, or hemolytic anemias.

Can degrade in UA sample from exposure to light or certain meds

Question 7

24 hour urine creatinine clearance

Answer 7

a measure of kidney function and GFR, 24 hour urine creatinine/serum creatinine/bmi necessary

used to be most accurate grr measyremet

Question 8

VMA is ordered when?

Answer 8

24 hour urine marker for suspected pheochromocytoma

Question 9

Microalbumin

Answer 9

Spot or 24 hour

test for glomerular damage in diabetes mellitus

Question 10

Darifenacin

Answer 10

Antimuscarinic
For urge incontinence.
Dry mouth, blurred vision, flushing

Question 11

Oxybutinin

Answer 11

Antimuscarinic
For urge incontinence.
Dry mouth, blurred vision, flushing

Question 12

Solifenacin

Answer 12

Antimuscarinic
For urge incontinence.
Dry mouth, blurred vision, flushing

Question 13

Tolterodine

Answer 13

Antimuscarinic
For urge incontinence.
Dry mouth, blurred vision, flushing

Question 14

Tamsulosin

Answer 14

Relaxes bladder and prostate to improve urine flow in BPH

alpha adrenergic blocker

Dry mouth, blurred vision, flushiong

Question 15

Phenazopyridine

Answer 15

Metabolizes and is eliminated via the renal system. Topical anesthetic for burning UTI pain.

AE: headache, nausea, rash, pruritus.

May interfere with results of UA. Turns urine orange and red

Question 16

Useful supplements for Erectile dysfunction

Answer 16

L-Arginine (precursor to nitric oxide)

Magnesium glycinate

Zinc

Question 17

High BUN/Cr ratio largely suggests what in an acute setting?

In a chronic setting?

Answer 17

Acutely, it is likely due to pre-renal azotemia

Chronically, it is likely post renal (obstruction and after long oliguria)