Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

TCP-InternalMedicine_ToKnowByHeart > Nephro & Electrolytes > Flashcards

Nephro & Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the pre-renal causes of AKI?

A
  • Hypovolemia
  • Decreased CO
  • Reno-vascular diseases
  • Systemic vasodilation (sepsis)
  • Cirrhosis (hepato-renal syndrome)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the causes of renal AKI?

A
  1. TUBULAR: Acute tubular necrosis, Contrast nephropathy, Aminoglycoside toxicity
  2. GLOMERULAR: RPGN, post-infectious glomerulonephritis, TTP, Hemolytic-Uremic syndrome (HUS)
  3. INTERSTITIAL: NSAIDS, infiltrative
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the post-renal causes of AKI?

A
  • BPH
  • Nephroliathiasis
  • Neoplasm
  • Retroperitoneal fibrosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the indications of acute dialysis?

A
  1. Acidemia
  2. Electrolyte imbalance (hyperkalemia)
  3. Intoxication (NSAID overdose)
  4. O (volume overload, like severe CHF)
  5. U (uremia, uremic symptoms)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the causes of chronic kidney disease?

A
  1. Diabetes (30%)
  2. Hypertension (25%)
  3. Chronic glomerulonephritis (15%)
  4. Interstitial nephritis, polycystic kidney disease, obstructive uropathy
  5. Any cause of AKI may lead to CKD if prolonged or if treatment delayed.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the intrarenal causes of hematuria?

A
  • Tumor
  • Infection
  • Stones
  • Trauma
  • Glomerular disease (IgA nephropathy)
  • Too much exercise
  • Polycystic kidney disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the extrarenal causes of hematuria?

A
  • Tumor
  • Trauma
  • Stricture
  • Systemic diseases (SLE, RA, GPA, HUS, Goodpasture)
  • Bleeding disorder
  • Medication
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the causes of an anion-gap metaolic acidosis?

A
  • Starvation ketoacidosis
  • Alcoholic ketoacidosis
  • Diabetic ketoacidosis
  • Paracetamol
  • Increased urea
  • Lactic acidosis (starvation, hypovolemia)
  • Ethanol, methanol
  • Salicylates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the causes of non anion gap metabolic acidosis?

A
  • GI loss: Diarrhea
  • Renal loss
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the causes of metabolic alkalosis?

A
  • Vomitting
  • Diuretics
  • Villous adenoma of colon
  • Adrenal disorders
  • K deficiency
  • Cushing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the causes of respiratory acidosis?

A
  • COPD
  • Airway obstruction
  • NMD
  • Brainstem injury
  • Drugs: narcotics
  • Respiratory muscle fatigue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the causes of respiratory alkalosis?

A
  • Anxiety
  • P/E
  • Pneumonia
  • Asthma
  • Sepsis
  • Hypoxia (can lead to increased RR)
  • Mechanical ventilation
  • Pregnancy (increased serum progesterone can causer hyperV)
  • Liver disease (cirrhosis)
  • Medication (salicylate toxicity)
  • Hyperventilation syndrome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the causes of hypercalcemia?

A
  • Hyperparathyroidism
  • Renal failure
  • Paget disease
  • Malignancies
  • Vitamin D intoxication
  • Thiazide diuretics
  • Lithium
  • Sarcoidosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does hypercalcemia present?

A
  • Stones (chronic hypercalciuria)
  • Bones (aches, pain, osteitis fibrosa cystica)
  • Grunts and groans (muscle pain, weakness, pancreatitis, PUD, gout, constipation)
  • Psychiatric overtones (depression, fatigue, anorexia, sleep disturbance, anxiety, lethargy)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the causes of hypocalcemia?

A
  • Hypoparathyroidism
  • Renal insufficiency: less vitamin D production
  • Vitamin D deficiency
  • Hyperphosphatemia: calcium phosphate deposition
  • Hypomagnesemia
  • Acute pancreatitis: calcium deposits
  • Blood transfusion w/ citrated blood (calcium binds to citrate)
  • Osteoblastic metastases (bones)
  • DiGeorge syndrome (chromosome 22 deletion)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the causes of hyperkalemia?

A
  • Renal failure
  • Hypoaldosteronism (Addison’s, ACE-inhibitors, spironolactone)
  • Cell lysis
  • Acidosis
  • Rhabdomyolysis, chemotherapy, hemolysis, burns (cell breakdown)
  • GI bleeding
  • Insulin deficiency (insulin usually brings K into cells) and hyperglycemia (promotes insulin to work)
  • Rapid administration of BB
17
Q

What is the clinical presentation of hyperkalemia?

A
  • Arrhythmias, peaked T wave, prolonged PR, wide QRS, v-fib
  • Muscle weakness, paralysis
  • Decreased deep tendon reflexes
  • Respiratory failure
  • Nausea/vomiting/diarrhea
18
Q

What are the causes of hypokalemia?

A
  • Vomitting and nasogastric drainage
  • Diarrhea
  • Dereased potassium absorbption
  • Diuretics
  • Hyperaldosteronism
  • Glucocorticoids
  • Mg defficiency
19
Q

What are the causes of HYPOVOLEMIC hypernatremia?

A
  • Diuretics
  • Diarrhea
  • Sweating too much
20
Q

What is the most common cause of EUVOLEMIC hypernatremia?

A

Diabetes insipidus

21
Q

What are the causes of HYPERVOLEMIC hypernatremia?

A
  • Iatrogenic
  • Glucocorticoids
22
Q

What are the causes of EUVOLEMIC hyponatremia?

A
  • SIADH
  • Psychogenic polydipsia
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Post-op
23
Q

What are the causes of HYPERVOLEMIC hyponatremia?

A
  • CHF
  • Nephrotic syndrome
  • Liver disease
24
Q

What are the causes of hypertonic hyponatremia?

A
  • Hyperglycemia
  • Manitol, sorbitol, etc after surgery
25
Q
  • Hematuria
  • Proteinuria
  • Hypoalbuminemia
  • Oliguria (GFR decreases, Cr increases, Urea increases)
  • Edema (salt and water retention)
  • Hypertension

What’s your DX?

A

Nephritic syndrome

26
Q
  • Proteinuria (“nephrotic range” >3.0 g/24 h)
  • Hypoalbumimenia
  • Edema
  • Hyperlipidemia
  • Lipiduria

What’s your DX?

A

Nephrotic syndrome

27
Q

What are the most common nephrotic glomerular diseases?

A
  1. Minimal change disease
  2. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
  3. Membranous glomerulopathy
  4. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
28
Q

What are the most common nephritic glomerular diseases?

A
  1. Post-infectious glomerulonephritis
  2. IgA Nephropathy
  3. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
  4. Crescentic glomerulonephritis (vasculitis)
  5. Anti-GBM Disease
29
Q

What is the general approach to an acid-base problem?

A
  1. pH
  2. Respiratory process – check pCO2
  3. Metabolic process – check bicarbonate
  4. Calculate anion gap
  5. Ajust anion gap with albumin if necassary
  6. Delta-delta gap
  7. Osmolar gap

TCP-InternalMedicine_ToKnowByHeart (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions