GI Flashcards
1
Q
What are the GI causes of nausea?
A
- Viral gastroenteritis (usually diarrhea is seen later)
- Food poisoning (bacterial)
- PUD
- GERD
- Gastroparesis (diabetes)
- GI obstruction
- Peritonitis
- Pancreatitis
- Appendicitis
- Cholecystitis/cholangitis
2
Q
Projectile vomiting is a sign of what?
A
ICP
3
Q
What are the metabolic causes of nausea?
A
- DKA
- Addison disease
- Uremia
- Eelectrolyte disturbance (hyperC, hypoK)
- Hyperthyroidism
4
Q
What are the different causes of hepatomegaly?
A
- Hepatitis
- Storage disorders
- Impaired venous flow
- Infiltrative diseases
- Biliary obstruction/cholestatic
5
Q
What are the causes of jaundice with increased unconjugated bilirubin?
A
- Extravascular hemolytic anemia
- Ineffective hematopoiesis
- Physiologic jaundice of the newborn
- Genetic: Gilbert’s syndrome, Crigler Najjar
6
Q
What are the causes of jaundice with increased conjugated bilirubin?
A
- Dubin Johnson’s syndrome (MRP3)
- Hepatoellular diseases: viral hepatitis, alcoholic hepatitic, cirrhosis
- Primary biliary or sclerosing cholangitis
- Drug-induced
- Obstructive
7
Q
What are the causes of increased conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin?
A
- Viral hepatitis
- Chirrhosis
8
Q
What are the causes of splenomegaly?
A
- Viral infections (viral mono, malaria)
- Bacterial infections (syphilis, endocarditis)
- Parasitic infections (malaria)
- Inflammation (sarcoidosis, lupus, RA)
- Liver disease (cirrhosis)
- Hemolytic anemia (sickle cell)
- Hematologic malignancies (lymphoma/leukemia)
- Congestion
- Splenic sequestration crisis
- Splenic thrombosis
9
Q
What is the first thing to do if there is a lower GI bleeding?
A
Rule out upper GI bleeding
10
Q
What are the causes of an upper GI bleeding?
A
- Peptic ulcer disease
- Reflux esophagitis
- Varices (Esophageal OR gastric) v
- Gastritis or duodenitis
- Mallory-Weiss tear
- Hemobilia
- Dieulafoy vascular malformation: arteries all twisted-up in the submucosa.
- Aortoenteric fistulas
- Neoplasm
11
Q
What are the causes of lower GI bleeding?
A
- Diverticulitis 40% (most common over 60 yo) (arterial)
- Angiodysplasia
- IBD (UC, Crohn disease)
- Colorectal cancer (THAT UNTIL PROVEN OTHERWISE FOR > 40 Y/O)
- Infectious colitis (Salmonella, Campylobacter, Shigella)
- Ischemic colitis
- Hemorrhoids, anal fissures
- Small intestinal bleeding (diagnosis by excluding UGI & colonic bleeding)
12
Q
What are the liver enzymes tests?
A
- alanine transaminase (ALT)
- aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
- alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
- GGT
- LDH
13
Q
What are the liver FUNCTION tests?
A
- Albumin
- Prothrombin time/international normalized ratio
- Billirubin
