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pathology > Neoplasms and Cysts (Oncology) > Flashcards

Neoplasms and Cysts (Oncology) Flashcards

1
Q

Growth is regulated by genetic program and growth-promoting and/or growth-inhibiting factors.
Limited by contact with other cells.
Once cells are formed, they perform specialized functions.

A

Normal cells

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2
Q

Permanent cellular changes triggered by adverse conditions.

  • Non-neoplastic changes
  • Neoplastic changes
A

Cellular Alterations

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3
Q

New growth

A

Neoplastic

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4
Q
  • Atrophy
  • Hypertrophy
  • Hyperplasia
  • Dysplasia
  • Metaplasia
A

Non-neoplastic changes

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5
Q

Abnormal development of tissue - altered size, shape and organization of cells; usually follows hyperplasia

A

Dysplasia

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6
Q

Replacement of one type of tissue into a form that is not normally found there. (Cell changes into another cell type).

A

Metaplasia

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7
Q

Wasting, decrease in size of an organ or tissue

A

Atrophy

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8
Q

The enlargement of an organ or part due to the increase in the size of cells composing it.

A

Hypertrophy

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9
Q

The increased size of an organ or part due to the excessive, but regulated, increase in the number of cells.

A

Hyperplasia

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10
Q

The abnormal, excessive and uncontrolled multiplication of cells with the formation of a mass or new growth of tissue.

A

Neoplasm (Tumor)

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11
Q
  • Genetic mutation due to exposure to carcinogens, this exposure may increase or promote abnormality of the cell.
A

Cause of neoplasms

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12
Q

Cancer-causing agent or substance.

A

Carcinogen

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13
Q

Present in the genes, cancer in the colon, breast, and prostate.

A

Genetic predisposition (carcinogen)

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14
Q

Fungal toxins (on grains, nuts, peanut butter), viruses (HPV, hepatitis B).

A

Microbial carcinogen

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15
Q

UV rays, X-rays, alpha, beta, gamma rays.

A

Radioactive factors (carcinogen)

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16
Q

Asbestos, nickel, arsenic (insecticides), formaldehyde (hazard in embalming and making plastics), vinyl chloride (PVC).

A

Chemical carcinogen

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17
Q

Estrogen and/pr progesterone (breast, uterus), testosterone (prostate).

A

Hormones (carcinogen)

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18
Q

Acrylamide (generated in fried or overheated carbohydrate foods- french fries, potato chips) residue on barbecued meats.

A

Animal carcinogen

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19
Q

Smoking and tobacco (lungs), diet (colon cancer: fat, saccharin, nitrates- preservatives in meat and fish), alcohol use, sexual behavior (cervical, penile cancer).

A

Personal risk behaviors

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20
Q

-Based on appearance and growth pattern.
Benign
Malignant

A

Clinical classification of neoplasms

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21
Q

Type of body tissue from which they arise.

A

Histological classification of neoplasms

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22
Q

Not recurrent or progressive; nonmalignant.

- Oma e.g. lipoma

A

Benign

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23
Q

Tending or threatening to produce death; harmful. Concerning cancerous growths: growing worse, resisting treatment.
- carcinoma or sarcoma

A

Malignant

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24
Q
  • Trauma - e.g. spinal column, ligaments, fractures
  • Infections
  • Degenerative disorders- herniated disc
  • Inflammatory diseases- osteroporosis
A

Causes of Benign Tumors

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25
Q
  • Grow by expansion
  • Resemble tissue of origin
  • Encapsulated (covered with capsule), makes removal or excision easier
  • Do not migrate (do not metastasize)
  • Generally do not return after surgical removal
  • Do not cause extensive tissue damage
  • Do not cause whole body changes
  • Generally are not fatal
A

Benign neoplasm (BN) Characteristics

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26
Q

The spread of cancer from its primary site to a distant location in the body.

A

Metastasis

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27
Q

A group of closely packed cell that cover surfaces, line body cavities, and form secretory parts of glands.

A

Epithelial tissue

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28
Q

Adenoma
Papilloma
Nevus
Polyp

A

Types of epithelial tissue benign neoplams

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29
Q

A neoplasm formed by glandular (gland) epithelium.

e.g.- Pituitary or adrenal glands

A

Adenoma

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30
Q

Circumscribed overgrowth or hypertrophy of the papillae of a cutaneous or mucous surface; caused by HPV.

e.g.- genital warts

A

Papilloma

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31
Q

Circumscribed vascular tumor of the skin or other body organs due to hyperplasia of the blood vessels.

e.g.- angioma

A

Nevus

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32
Q

Growth or mass of tissue that protrudes from a mucous membrane.

e.g.- of the nose, uterus, rectum, vocal cords

A

Polyp

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33
Q

When growing in passageways > blockage

e.g.- digestive system (difficulty in eating), respiratory system (difficulty in breathing).

When growing in enclosed area, may press on normal tissue > tissue death > potentially death of the individual.

e.g.- brain, nerves (pain, loss of sensation or movement)

A

Consequences of benign neoplasms in epithelial tissue

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34
Q

Loosely arranged cells and fibers that have nerve and blood supply; they connect, support, protect, transport, and insulate.

A

Connective tissue

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35
Q

Bone tumor.

A

Osteoma

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36
Q

Cartilage tumor.

A

Chondroma

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37
Q

Adipose tissue tumor.

A

Lipoma

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38
Q

Blood vessel or lymph vessel tumor.

A

Angioma

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39
Q

Benign blood vascular tissue.

A

Hemangioma

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40
Q

Tumor-like swelling filled with blood.

A

Hematoma

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41
Q

Fibrous, encapsulated tissue; irregular in shape, firm consistency.

e.g.- jaws, pelvis, vertebrae

A

Fibroma

42
Q

Grows from mastoid process producing an external swelling.

A

Mastoid osteoma

43
Q

Uncommon, usually recurrent benign tumor of embryonic adipose tissue that occurs predominantly in children; on the extremities, neck.

A

Lipoblastoma

44
Q

Painless, slowly growing, solid tumor that distorts shape of tissue; resembles a cauliflower ear.

A

Chondroma of auricle

45
Q 
Osteoma
Chondroma
Lipoma
Angioma
Hemangioma
Hematoma
Fibroma
Mastoid osteoma
Lipoblastoma 
Chondroma of auricle
A

Types of benign connective tissue neoplasms

46
Q

Highly vascular tissue that allows movement of body parts and materials through tubes.

A

Muscle tissue

47
Q

Rhabdomyoma

Leiomyoma

A

Types of benign neoplasms in muscular tissue

48
Q

Striated (skeletal and cardiac) muscle tissue tumor; usually infants and young children, heart disorders (valve disease or arrhythmias).

A

Rhabdomyoma

49
Q

Smooth muscle tissue tumor.

A

Leiomyoma

50
Q

Form processes, recognize environmental changes, drives responses.

A

Nervous tissue

51
Q

Tumor composed of nerve cells.

A

Neuroma

52
Q
  • Grow by infiltration
  • Metastasize creation secondary foci (Locations)
  • Can reoccur when surgically removed
  • Cause extensive tissue damage
  • Cause total body changes
  • Tumor does not resemble tissue surrounding it
  • Lethal unless treated
A

Characteristics of Malignant Neoplasm

53
Q

Lung
breast
colon

A

Most common cancers

54
Q

Malignant growth/tumor arising from epithelium.

A

Carcinoma

55
Q 
Melanoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Transitional cell carcinoma
A

Types of carcinomas

56
Q

A malignant pigmented mole; arise from melanocytes.

A

Melanoma

57
Q

Pigment producing cells in skin.

A

Melanocytes

58
Q

Tumor of epidermal (skin) squamous cells.

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

59
Q

Tumor of the basal cells of the epidermis (skin).

A

Basal cell carcinoma

60
Q

Arising from glandular (gland) organ.

A

Adenocarcinoma

61
Q

Tumor of the urinary system (kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder or urethra).

A

Transitional cell carcinoma

62
Q
  • Least common, but most serious form of skin cancer.
  • Irregular outline, more than one color.
  • Grows over weeks and months anywhere on the body (not just in places that get a lot of sun).
  • If untreated, it can metastasize.
  • Arises from melanoctyes
A

Melanoma

63
Q
  • Carcinoma of the urinary system.

- Smoking cigarettes, inhaled carcinogens (rubber workers, pesticide applicators) increase the risk.

A

Transitional cell carcinoma

64
Q
  • Hematuria
  • Frequent, urgent, painful urination
  • Urinary incontinence
  • Abdominal pain
  • Anemia
A

Symptoms of Transitional Cell Carcinoma

65
Q

Tumor arising from connective tissue.

A

Sarcoma

66
Q 
Osteosarcoma
Chondrosarcoma
Liposarcoma
Angiosarcoma
Fibrosarcoma
Lymphoma
Lukemia
A

Types of malignant neoplasms of the connective tissue.

67
Q

Bone tumor.

A

Osteosarcoma

68
Q

Cartilage tumor.

A

Chondrosarcoma

69
Q

Adipose tissue tumor.

A

Liposarcoma

70
Q

Tumor of the vascular (forming vessels) endothelial cells.

A

Angiosarcoma

71
Q

Tumor formed by fibrous tissue.

A

Fibrosarcoma

72
Q

Tumor of the lymphatic system that arise in the lymph nodes or in other lymphoid tissue.

A

Lymphoma

73
Q

Tumor of blood forming structures/organs.

A

Leukemia

74
Q

Rhabdomyosarcoma

Leiomyosarcoma

A

Types of muscular tissue malignant neoplasms

75
Q

Tumor of striated (muscle and heart) muscle tissue.

A

Rhabdomyosarcoma

76
Q

Tumor of smooth muscle tissue.

A

Leiomyosarcoma

77
Q

Glioma

A

Nervous tissue malignant neoplasm

78
Q

Tumor of neuroglial cells. (nerve tissue).

A

Glioma

79
Q

lymphatic system, blood, liver, lungs brain.

A

Metastasis of epithelial tissue carcinoma

80
Q

Axillary lymph nodes, lung, liver, bone, brain.

A

Metastasis of breast cancer

81
Q

Liver, lung, peritoneum.

A

Metastasis of colorectal cancer

82
Q

Peritoneum, diaphragm, liver, lungs.

A

Metastasis of ovarian cancer

83
Q

Bone

A

Metastasis of prostate cancer

84
Q

Lungs, liver.

A

Metastasis of testicular cancer

85
Q

Excessive wasting away of the body.

A

Emaciation

86
Q 
Emaciation
Discoloration
Hemorrhage
Tissue deformation
Extravascular obstruction
Cachexia
Dehydration
A

Postmortem conditions of neoplasms

87
Q

Abnormal growth of tumors.

A

Tissue deformation

88
Q

Tumors put pressure on tissues or organs.

A

Extravascular obstruction

89
Q

Severe form of malnutrition; physical wasting (emaciation) with loss of weight and muscle mass caused by chronic progressive disease.

A

Cachexia

90
Q

Sacs within or on the body surface containing air or fluid.

Can occur anywhere on the body and vary in size.

A

Cysts

91
Q
  • Wear and tear or obstructions to flow of fluid
  • Infections
  • Tumors
  • Chronic inflammatory conditions
  • Genetic conditions
  • Defects during embryonic development
A

Etiology of Cysts

92
Q
  • Ovarian
  • Sebaceous
  • Within the thyroid gland
  • Breast- part of benign proliferative disease (fibrocystic breast disease)
A

Types of Cysts

93
Q

Benign, fluid-filled sacs on or near the ovary.

A

Ovarian cyst

94
Q

Physiologic

Neoplastic

A

Types of ovarian cysts

95
Q

Forming on normally functioning ovaries, most common, ,may become very large (grapefruit size); have to be removed.

A

Physiologic ovarian cyst

96
Q

Abnormal type not related to function.

A

Neoplastic ovarian cyst

97
Q
  • Low back pain
  • Pelvic pain
  • Dyspareunia
A

Symptoms of ovarian cysts

98
Q

Pain during intercourse.

A

Dyspareunia

99
Q

Sebaceous gland that produces sebum (oil) becomes blocked and sebum collects under the skin (may cause swollen hair follicles).

  • Can form anywhere on the body (except for the palms and soles of the feet)
  • Most common on scalp, neck, groin area.
A

Sebaceous cyst (aka epidermal, keratin or epidermoid cysts)

100
Q

Fluid-filled cyst that causes a bulge and a feeling of tightness behind your knee.

A

Baker cyst (popliteal)

101
Q

Noncancerous lumps that most commonly develop along the tendons or joints of wrists, hands, ankles, or feet; typically round or oval and are filled with jelly-like fluid.

A

Ganglion cysts

102
Q

A bacterial infection of the oil glands causing formation of a cyst.

A

Chalazion

pathology (23 decks)

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