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pathology > 17- Diseases of the Endocrine System > Flashcards

17- Diseases of the Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q
  • Hypothalamus
  • Pituitary gland
  • Pineal gland
  • Thyroid
  • Parathyroid
  • Thymus
  • Adrenal glands
  • Kidney
  • Pancreas
  • Ovary
  • Uterus
  • Teste
A

Endocrine System

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2
Q

Chemical messengers produced and secreted by endocrine organs and glands.

  • Produced in a small amount by specialized cells.
  • Secreted into blood and transported by circulatory system.
  • Act on target (specific) tissues at another site.
A

Features of hormones

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3
Q

Communicate with other organs via:

  • Central and peripheral nervous system
  • Hormones
  • Cytokines
  • Growth factors

Include the pituitary glands, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, and gonads.

  • Hypo
  • Hyper
A

Endocrine organs and glands

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4
Q

Regulators of immune response.

A

Cytokines

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5
Q

Underactive gland.

A

Hypo

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6
Q

Overactive gland.

A

Hyper

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7
Q

At the base of the brain.

  • Controlled by the hypothalamus and feedback-control mechanisms.
  • Regulates activity of other glands (thyroid, adrenal, testes and ovaries), and organs.
  • Anterior
  • Posterior
A

Pituitary gland

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8
Q

Secretes hormones- GH, FSH, LH, prolactin, TSH, ACTH.

A

Anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)

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9
Q

Secretes hormones - ADH and oxytocin.

A

Posterior Pituitary gland (neurohypophysis)

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10
Q
  • Hypopituitarism
  • Growth hormone deficiency
    • Pituitary dwarfism
    • Pituitary cachexia
  • Hyperpituitarism
    • Giantism
    • Acromegaly
A

Diseases of the anterior pituitary gland

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11
Q

Due to hypofunction or hyposecretion.

  • Hereditary, malignant brain tumor, encephalitis, inflammation, or vascular changes in pituitary.
A

Hypopituitarism

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12
Q
  • In children: pituitary dwarfism

- Im adults: Pituitary cachexia

A

Growth hormone (GH) deficiency

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13
Q

Growth retardation, microcephaly, usually normal body proportions.

A

Pituitary dwarfism

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14
Q

Incomplete atrophy of the pituitary gland.

  • Emaciation (extremely lean), premature aging, loss of function in thyroid, adrenals, gonads.
A

Pituitary cachexia

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15
Q

Excess of GH.

  • In children: Giantism (gigantism)
  • In adults: Acromegaly
A

Hyperpituitarism

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16
Q

Accelerated linear growth prior to closure of epiphyseal plate (hands and feet are large).
- Usually caused by pituitary benign tumor.

A

Giantism (gigantism)

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17
Q
  • After fusion of epiphyseal plate
  • Usually caused by pituitary or hypothalamic tumor, or non-endocrine malignant tumor.
  • Weight gain, growth of soft tissues, enlargement of small bones of hands, feet, face, and skull.
A

Acromegaly

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18
Q
  • Diabetes Insipidus
A

Disease of the posterior pituitary gland

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19
Q 
Decreased secretion (hyposecretion) or action of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- regulates fluid balance (water loss through kidneys)
  • Caused by destruction of posterior pituitary or defects in kidneys.
A

Diabetes insipidus

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20
Q
  • Excess fluid loss
  • Polyuria (overproduction of urine)
  • Dehydration
  • Heart problems
  • Kidney failure
A

Symptoms of diabetes insipidus

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21
Q

Neck region

  • Secretes hormones
    • T3 (triiodothyronine)
    • T4 (thyroxine = tetraiodothyronine
    • Calcitonin
  • Regulates body growth and metabolism
  • Regulates blood level of calcium
A

Thyroid gland

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22
Q
  • Hypothyroidism
    • Cretinism
    • Endemic goiter
    • Myxedema
  • Hyperthyroidism
    • Grave’s disease
    • Toxic goiter
    • Exophthalmos
A

Disease of the thyroid gland

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23
Q

= Hypothyroid (thyroid hormone deficiency)

  • May affect almost all body functions
  • Caused by chemicals, radiation, cancer, autoimmune disease, removal or thyroid gland or disease of pituitary gland.
  • In newborns: cretinism
  • In adults: obesity, weight gain, slow metabolism
    • endemic goiter
    • Myxedema
A

Hypothyroidism

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24
Q

Congenital hypothyroidism.

  • Due to hypoplasia of aplasia
  • Growth and mental retardation (also low GH)
A

Cretinism

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25
Enlargement of thyroid gland usually due to lack of sufficient iodine.
Endemic goiter
26
Result of acute illness, trauma, or surgical removal of the thyroid. - Low BMR edema swelling, bloating of facial tissue, thickened tongue, puffy eyelids. - Bradycardia, slow breathing - Very low body temperature, constipation - Lethargy, mental sluggishness
Myxedema
27
Slow heart rate.
Bradycardia
28
In hypothyroidism, whether the thyroid gland is small or large depends on the cause of low levels of thyroid hormone.
Goiter size
29
In children: increased body size (rapid growth) | In adults: Grave's disease, toxic goiter, exophthalmos
Hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis)
30
Autoimmune disease - Abnormal antibodies similar to TSH mimic its function and continuously stimulate release of thyroid hormones. - Results in high BMR, sweating, rapid heart rate, weight loss, restlessness, mood shifts, limited energy and fatigue.
Grave's disease
31
Disfigurement/swelling in the neck.
Toxic goiter
32
Protrusion of eyeballs, fibrous tissue becomes edematous (swollen).
Exophthalmos
33
Paired, located on top of the kidneys. Produce and secrete: - Cortical hormones - Mineralocorticoids - Glucocorticoids - Sex hormones - Medullary hormones - Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Adrenal glands
34
Steroid hormones.
Cortical hormones
35
Regulate sodium and potassium.
Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
36
Regulate carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism, suppress inflammation.
Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
37
Estrogens and androgens.
Sex hormones
38
Secreted in stress situation (fight or flight response): epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). - Increase heart rate and blood pressure - Cause vasoconstriction - Increase respiration
Medullary hormones
39
- Hypoadrenalism - Addison's Disease - Hyperadrenalism - Crushing's syndrome - Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome - Pheochromocytoma
Disease of the Adrenal glands
40
Primary adrenal insufficiency
Hypoadrenalism
41
Deficiency (hyposecretion) of cortical hormones. - Due to lesion on adrenal gland (tumor, scar) - Most common in females.
Addison's Disease
42
- Weakness, fatigability, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, hypotension, hypoglycemia - Increased risk of infections - Increased skin pigmentation - In late stages- kidney and mental changes.
Results of Addison's Disease
43
Increased secretion (hypersecretion) of cortical hormones. - In young to middle-aged females - Thirst (aldosterone secretion) - Weight gain (accumulation of fat around the face = moon face, and behind shoulders = buffalo hump) - Abdominal striae - Wasting of muscles in extremities - Increased heart rate - Hirsutism - Higher risk of infections
Crushing's syndrome
44
Excess hair.
Hirsutism
45
Stretch marks.
Abdominal striae
46
Acute adrenal insufficiency due to hemorrhage into adrenal gland caused by meningococcal infection. - Sudden high fever, skin discoloration and petechie - Hypotension => vascular shock => disseminated intravascular coagulation
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
47
Epinephrine and norepinephrine - producing tumor in adrenal medulla. - Hypertension, headache - Excessive sweating, anxiety, constipation, low energy level.
Pheochromocytoma
48
Four or more tiny glands located on the posterior part of the thyroid gland. - Produce and secrete the parathyroid hormone (PTH) = parathormone
Parathyroid glands
49
Regulates calcium and potassium levels in blood.
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) = parathormone
50
Caused by resection of thyroid gland or exposure of parathyroid glands to heavy metals (copper or iron); results in hypocalcemia tetany.
Hypoparathyroidism
51
Sustained muscular contraction - Chvostek's sign - Trosseau's sign
Hypocalcemia tetany
52
Facial muscle spasm.
Chvostek's sign
53
Arm muscle spasm.
Trosseau's sign
54
Located below the stomach. | - Produces and secretes insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar level.
Pancreas
55
- Hyposecretion - Gestational diabetes - Diabetes mellitus - type 1 - type 2
Diseases of the pancreas
56
Hereditary or acquired.
Hyposecretion of the pancreas
57
Elevated levels of estrogen and progesterone destroy insulin or block insulin action.
Gestational diabetes
58
Impaired glucose regulation (hyperglycemia) caused by interactions of genetics, environmental factors and lifestyle.
Diabetes Mellitus
59
(Juvenile-onset diabetes); 10-14 years old. - Total or near total absence of insulin production - Often due to autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells.
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
60
Associated with variable degrees of insulin resistance, impaired insulin secretion, increased glucose production and obesity. - Insulin resistance leads to increased insulin secretion by beta cells, followed by insulin decline and deficiency.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
61
- Ulcers - Yellow skin and nails - Abscess from injections - Dermopath - Blisters - Joint problems
Complications of Diabetes mellitus
62
Testes in males and ovaries in females.
Gonads
63
Produce sperm and secrete testosterone.
Testes
64
Produce ova and secrete estrogen.
Ovaries
65
- Hypergonadism (hypersecretion) | - Hypogonadism
Diseases of the gonads
66
Abnormally increased activity of gonads before puberty => early onset of puberty. - Exaggerated sex drive and/or development of secondary sex characteristics. - In males: aggressive behavior and increased risk of testicular cancer. - May increase risk of ovarian cancer. - More common in males, due to tumor in testes.
Hypergonadism
67
Decreased activity of gonads. - In males: if born without testes or testes fail to descend. - In females: If missing or underdeveloped ovaries. - Results in: - Delayed onset of puberty - Regression of secondary sexual characteristics - Sterility
Hypogonadism
68
- Edema - Discoloration - Deformities - Interference of circulation - Hemorrhage
Postmortem conditions

pathology (23 decks)

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