14 Diseases of the female and male reproductive system Flashcards by Heather Clark

Inflammation of the innermost lining (endometrium) of the uterus.

Endometritis

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Younger women
Caused by:
- Mechanical injury
- Abortion attempt
- Retained placental infection (rare)
- Neoplasm

Acute Endometritis

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Older women, menopausal
Caused by:
- Scar tissue
- Endometriosis
- Neoplasms

Chronic Endometritis

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Bleeding
Discharge
Pelvic pain

Symptoms of both acute and chronic Endometritis

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The ectopic occurrence of endometrial tissue or its diffuse inplantation or infiltration in the myometrium (endometrial tissue grows in other areas such as the pelvic area, surface of the uterus, cervix, ovaries, intestines, rectum, urinary bladder, lungs, liver, lymphnodes)

Cause is unknown, can be hereditary
Use of tampons is discouraged
Can result in obstruction, bleeding (In other parts of the body as well).

Endometriosis

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Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the cervix (Neck of the uterus)

Endocervicitis

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Infections, most commonly STD such as gonorrhea, chlamydia, genital herpes
Trauma during childbirth (tears)
Abortion attempt
Neoplasms

Causes of Endocervicitis

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Formation of fluid filled cysts on the lining of the cervix

Due to fluid retention
Can be pre-cancerous

Endocervical Cysts

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Fibromas/Fibroids

- Leiomyoma

Benign neoplasms of the uterus

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Probably caused my estrogen
Often appear in multiples, vary in size
Regress or calcify after menopause
Found in the intramural, subserosa, submucosa
Symptoms:
- Abnormal bleeding
- Excessive menstrual bleeding
- Pain
- Abnormal sensation

Fibromas/ Fibroids (lumps in uterus)

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Myometrium of the uterus

In a third to half of all women over the age of 35
Grow larger under influence of estrogen and oral contraceptives
Probably genetic - more common in African-American women

Leiomyoma

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Uterine cancer (malignant neoplasm)
10% of all cancers
Occurs mostly in women ages 50-70 or women who have not had any children

Leiomyosarcoma

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Carcinoma of the uterine cervix (squamous)

5th leading cause of death
Caused by:
- HPV (#1)
- Having multiple sex partners
- Beginning sexual intercourse at an early age
Common symptom: Uterine bleeding

Cervical cancer

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Precocious Bleeding
Menorrhagic Bleeding
Metrorrhagic Bleeding
Post Menopausal Bleeding

Cervical Cancer: Uterine Bleeding

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Bleeding before puberty

- Caused by: trauma, injury or infection

Precocious bleeding

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Excess bleeding during menstruation
Could be physiologic (onset of puberty) or menopausal or caused by neoplasm, infection, retained placenta, endometriosis, medication, portal cirrhosis.

Menorrhagic bleeding

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Bleeding between periods

- Caused by neoplasms (especially in women 40+), infection, endometriosis, stress, medications.

Metrorrhagic bleeding

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Bleeding after menopause

- #1 cause is neoplasms, polyps, endometriosis, infections, trauma.

Post menopausal bleeding

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Overgrowth of endometrial glandular epithelium => can lead to endometrial adenocarcinoma

Can cause menorrhagia or metrorrhagia

Endometrial Hyperplasia

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Inflammation of fallopian tubes (oviducts)

Salpingitis

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# 1 STD infections (gonorrhea, chlamydia); staphylococcus
Scar tissue from previous infections
Abortion attempt
Lithopedion (stone baby)

Causes of salpingitis

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Pelvic pain or discomfort, more common during ovulation

- Possible bleeding

Symptoms of salpingitis

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Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
Damage to the tubes => scar tissue => tubal pregnancy => tubal ovarian abscess => rupture
Hydrosalpinx
Pyosalpinx
Sterility

Complications of salpingitis

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Fluid collecting in the tube.

Hydrosalpinx

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Pus collection in the tube.

Pyosalpinx

Inflammation of all or some of the reproductive organs (cervicitis, endometritis, salpingitis, oophoritis) - Usually due to vaginal bacterial infection introduced during childbirth, miscarriage, abortion, STDs (gonorrhea or chlamydia) - Symptoms: - fever, chills, pain - Leukorrhea

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

White, foul-smelling vaginal discharge.

Leukorrhea

Inflammation of the ovaries.

Oophoritis

- Infection from salpingitis, STD's, ovarian tube abscess, pus from the fallopian tube to ovaries. - Cyst in ovary : Follicle retention cyst (containing clear fluid) - Scar tissue - Ovarian cancer

Causes of oophoritis

- Usually cyst adenocarcinoma - Malignant; often bilateral - Very low survival rate, spread quickly (ovary to the lymph nodes and into other organs)

Ovarian cancer

Tumor that contains tissues not normally found in the organ from which it arises. - Cystic teratomas - Benign - Most often in the right ovary - May cause infertility and lead to cancer

Teratoma (Dermoid cyst)

Contain skin and hair (dermatoid cyst)

Cystic teratomas

Inflammation of the vagina.

Vaginitis

- Bacteria (guardnerella), Candida yeast, protozoa (Trichomonas) - Mechanical injury, chemical irritants (soaps, detergents), retained blood

Cause of vaginitis

- Discharge - Discomfort - Irritation

Symptoms of vaginitis

- Polyps - Fibroids - Papillomas (warts)

Benign neoplasms of the vagina

Squamous cell carcinoma - In young girls whose mother used a synthetic hormone (DES) during pregnancy.

Malignant neoplasm of the vagina

Conditions affecting the mother during, or as a result of pregnancy.

Pathology of pregnancy

- Ectopic pregnancy | - Preeclampsia

Types of pathologies of pregnancy

- Tubal - Cervical - Abdominal

Types of ectopic pregnancies

Fetus develops outside of the uterus.

Ectopic pregnancy

Pregnancy in fallopian tubes.

Tubal

Pregnancy in lower uterus or cervix.

Cervical

Pregnancy on the abdominal wall (due to ruptured fallopian tube).

Abdominal

Pregnancy induced hypertension. - Usually appears in the third trimester

Preeclampsia (aka toxemia- misleading, no toxin is present)

- Proteinuria (albuminuria) - Fluid accumulation (sudden weight gain) => hypertension => edema ( in face, hands, feet), headaches => kidney damage - If neglected => eclampsia (symptoms of preeclampsia + seizures, convulsions)

Characteristics of preeclampsia

Proteins in urine.

Proteinuria (albuminuria)

- Cause unknown, possibly due to: - Placental malfunction - Poor prenatal care, nutrition, obesity - History of diabetes, hypertension, renal disease - Primigravid - Multiparity

Possible causes of preeclampsia

First pregnancy - females younger than 20 and older than 40

Primigravid

Multiple births (more than 5).

Multiparity

Inflammation of the breast (mast= breast) | - Usually occurs in the nipples

Mastitis

- Injury, infections such as staph which can enter the nipple after injury ( during breast feeding). - Neoplasms- breast tissues (nipples) become red, dry, flaky, swollen, irritated.

Causes of mastitis

Formation of recurring cysts in breast tissue. - May calcify, form scars, or lumps in breast tissue - Can be disfiguring - Probably hereditary and can be pre-cancerous

Fibrocystic Disease

- Adenomas - Carcinoma - Paget's disease

Types of breast tissue neoplasms

Benign breast lumps. | - Mixture of fat, glandular elements and stroma.

Adenomas

Malignant breast cancer.

Carcinoma

- Hereditary - Estrogen levels - Viruses - Radiation

Predisposing factors for breast neoplasms

- Lumps in breasts, below or above the nipple | - Abnormal discharge or bleeding from the nipple

Symptoms of breast neoplasms

If not treated early => Metastases from axillary lymph nodes into the brain, bones, or liver.

Complication of breast carcinoma

Cancer of the nipple. - Redness, irritation around the nipple - Discharge, bleeding - Nipple recesses (sinks in)

Paget's Disease

Malignant neoplasm of the testes. - Arising from sperm-forming tissue - Common in males 15-54 - Rare, representing about 1% of cancers affecting men

Testicular carcinoma

- Cryptorchidism (cryptorchism) | - Inguinal hernia

Predisposing factors for testicular cancer

Most common testicular malignancy - Metastasize slowly - Men in their 30s and 40s. - Spread to lymph nodes - Symptoms: bleeding and swelling or testes => infertility - 40% of testicular cancers are these

Seminoma

Inflammation of one or both of the testes.

Orchitis

- Trauma - mechanical or athletic injury - Infections (bacterial or viral)- mumps, gonorrhea, herpes, late stage TB - Rarely- syphilis, testicular cancer - Complication of epididymitis

Causes of orchitis

- Swelling - Pain - Tenderness - Fever

Symptoms of orchitis

Condition in which the descent of a testis into the scrotum is arrested at some point in the normal path. - Common in children - Cause - premature birth - Complications: - Sterility - Strangulation - Increased risk of testicular cancer

Cryptorchism (Cryptorchidism)

Inflammation of the duct (epididymis) leading from each testes to the excretory duct. - Function: stores the sperm - Caused by: - Prostatitis, UTI, mumps - STD- gonorrhea, herpes virus, chlamydia - Trauma

Epididymitis

- Possible bleeding (in sperm) | - Swelling and severe pain

Symptoms of both orchitis and epididymitis

- Scar tissue - Blockage - Sterility

Complications of both orchitis and epididymitis

Inflammation of the gland below the urinary bladder that secretes part of the seminal fluid. - More common in men over 50

Prostatitis

- STD- gonorrhea, chlamydia, herpes - Ascending urinary tract infection, especially following catheterization - Enlarged bladder - Prostate hyperplasia or prostate carcinoma

Causes of Prostatitis

- Dysuria - Pyuria - Fever - Low back pain

Symptoms of prostatitis

Non inflammatory enlargement of the prostate. - Common in men over 50 - Probably caused my hormonal changes associated with aging (Testosterone, estrogen)

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) (aka benign prostatic hypertrophy)

- Frequent urination - Weak urinary stream - Urine retention - Incontinence - Hematuria - Pressure on bladder and prostatic urethra

Symptoms of Benign prostatic hyperplasia

Adenocarcinoma of the prostate (adeno=gland) - Age 50+, 10% increase per year; second cause of death

Prostatic carcinoma

- Difficulty urinating - Oliguria - decreased amount of urination - Lower back and pelvic pain

Symptoms of prostatic carcinoma

- Prostatic hyperplasia | - Abnormal testosterone levels

Predisposing factors of prostatic carcinoma

Inflammation of the urethra - Burning upon urination - Caused by STD's such as gonorrhea (#1), urinary tract infection, stones

Urethritis

Abnormal enlargement of veins of the sac that contains the testes (scrotum)

Varicocele (varicose veins)

Abnormal protrusion of an organ or part of an organ through an abnormal opening in the wall of the cavity containing containing the organ; intestine drops down into the scrotum. - Caused by lifting heavy objects - Results in hydrocele and pain

Inguinal Hernia (scrotum)

Abnormal collection of fluid in any sacculated cavity in the body, especially the tunica vaginalis. - Tube through which testicles descend from abdomen into the scrotum fails to close allowing fluid to drain from the abdomen to scrotum; scrotum becomes swollen (in newborns) - usually goes away after a new months after birth - In older men may be associated with inguinal hernia, inflammation, injury of the testicle or epididymis, or by fluid or blood blocking within the spermatic cord. - Results in swelling and pain

Hydrocele

- Gonorrhea - Syphilis - Chlamydia

Bacteria sexually transmitted infections

- Human papillomavirus and Genital warts - Genital herpes - HIV/AIDS - Hepatitis B and C (digestive system)

Viral STIs

Trichomoniasis

Parasite STI infection

Infection by protozoan parasite. - Symptoms: urethritis, epididymitis, prostatitis

Trichomoniasis

Infection by Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteria though sexual contact and childbirth. - Often asymptomatic, some have symptoms.

Gonorrhea

- Discharge from vagina or penis (purulent disease) - Inflammation of urethra (burning sensation when urinating) - Pelvic inflammatory disease in females - May lead to sterility

Symptoms of gonorrhea

Infection by Treponema pallidum bacteria through sexual or direct (chancre) contact, or childbirth.

Syphilis

In late stage, may lead to: - Skin lesions and penetration of mucous membranes (secondary syphilis) - Blindness - Brain damage (neurosyphilis) => mental disorders - Spinal cord damage => neurological problems - Serious heart abnormalities => heart failure - Death

Symptoms of syphilis

- Infected skin lesions | - broad-based cauliflower-like epidermal growth

Condyloma lata of secondary syphilis

The most common STI in the US; infection by Chlamydia trachomatis though sexual contact or childbirth.

Chlamydia

Symptoms are usually mild or absent. - Can cause discharge from penis or vagina - Burning sensation during urination

Symptoms of chlamydia

- Irreversible damage of female reproductive organs, including infertility

Serious complications of chlamydia

One of the most common causes of STI in the world. | - Warts

Human papillomavirus (HPV) - Warts

- Genital warts - Common warts - Plantar warts

Types of warts

Cellular hypertrophy, affects keratinocytes (skin)

Warts (verruca)

In genital area | - Increase probability of developing cervical or penile cancer

Genital warts

Hands and fingers (children)

Common warts

Sole of foot.

Plantar warts

Cause inflammation of the skin and clusters of fluid-filled vesicles.

Herpes virus (7 types)

- Cold sores | - Genital herpes

Types of herpes simplex viruses (HSV-2 or HSV-1)

Mouth and nose; HSV 1

Cold sores

Lesions on genital area (HSV-2 or HSV-1)

Genital herpes

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) - Infects helper (TH) or CD4 T lymphocytes that normally activate B lymphocytes (important in immune response) - Low CD4 T lymphocyte count (AIDS indicator)

AIDS

- Unprotected anal, oral, or vaginal intercourse - Sharing of hypodermic needles - Birth and breastfeeding from infected mother

Transmission of AIDS/HIV

May be misdiagnosed as influenza

Acute infection (HIV+) symptoms of AIDS/HIV

- lower T cell-count - Lack of energy - Frequent fever and sweats - May last 10-12 years

Asymptomatic (HIV+) symptoms

= AIDS | - fungal infections, hepatitis, pancreatitis, opportunistic infections, e.g., pneumocystis carinii pneumonia

Symptomatic (HIV+) Symptoms

- seizures - urinary and fecal incontinence - blindness - coma

Advanced stage symptoms

Lung infection with protozoan | - Never has been documented as a cause of pneumonia in a person with normal immunity.

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia

Infection by protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis through sexual contact.

Trichomoniasis

- Usually asymptomatic in men - Symptoms may include: - Urethritis - Epididymitis - Prostatitis - Vaginal discharge, pain during intercourse and urination - Itching in genital area

Symptoms of Trichomoniasis

- Edema - Rapid blood coagulation - Infections - Ascites - fluid in abdominal cavity - Discolorations

Postmortem conditions