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pathology > 15- Disease of Bones and Joints > Flashcards

15- Disease of Bones and Joints Flashcards

1
Q

Inflammation of bone particularly of the bone marrow in the medullary cavity.

  • Most common sites:
    • Legs
    • Hands
    • Feet
    • Pelvic bones
A

Osteomyelitis

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2
Q
  • # 1 is Staphlyococcus (from a wound)
  • Other skin or throat infection
  • TB (Later stages)
  • Late syphilis (ribs and sternum)
  • Injury and stress on the bones (fracture)
A

Etiology of osteomyelitis

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3
Q

A disease of infants and young children caused by deficiency of vitamin D in defective bone growth.

  • Vitamin D deficiency => bones with less calcium => less dense
  • 6-18 months of age (legs, skull, pelvic, ribs)
A

Rickets/Rachitis

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4
Q

A disease marked by softening of the bones due to faulty calcification (decalcification) in adulthood.

  • Similar to rickets in children
  • Occurs in both males and females (multiple pregnancies)
A

Osteomalacia

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5
Q

Decreased mineralization due to lack of vitamin D.

A

Etiology of osteomalacia

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6
Q
  • Pain, loss of height, bending
  • Weakness to bones: legs, pelvic, spine
  • Unable to bear weight, easy fractures
A

Symptoms of osteomalacia (similar to rickets)

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7
Q

A disease of bone marked by increased porosity from widening of the Haversian canals and softness from absorption of the calcareous material. Loss of bone density, more porous bones.

  • More common in women because of predisposing factors:
    • Family history (genetic factors)
    • Decrease in estrogen, calcium and exercise
A

Osteoporosis

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8
Q
  • Kyphosis
  • Loss of height - “dowager’s hump”
  • Easy fractures
A

Symptoms of osteoporosis

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9
Q

Abnormal development of the epiphyseal cartilage.

  • Hereditary dwarfism
A

Achondroplasia

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10
Q
  • Rare genetic disorder
  • Short stature, disproportionately short arms and legs
  • Large head and characteristic facial features
  • 80% of these dwarfs have parents of average height.
A

Hereditary Dwarfism (Achondroplasia)

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11
Q

Genetic condition that affects connective tissue (provide a framework for growth and development)

  • Defect in production of structural protein (fibrillin) resulting in:
    • Long legs and fingers, hyperextensible joints
    • Defects of the heart, blood vessels (aneurysm), nervous system, eyes, skin, and lungs.
A

Marfan’s Syndrome

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12
Q
  • Congenital defects
  • Poor posture
  • Bone diseases or growth disorders
A

Etiology of Spinal Deformities

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13
Q
  • Back pain

- Fatigue

A

Symptoms of Spinal Deformities

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14
Q
  • Kyphosis
  • Lordosis
  • Scolosis
A

Types of Spinal Deformities

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15
Q

Humped curvature of thoracic spine (humpback or hunchback)

  • In postmenopausal osteoporotic women
A

Kyphosis

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16
Q

Exaggerated inward curvature of lumbar spine.

  • Results in protruding abdomen and buttocks
  • Occurs with pregnancy or obesity
A

Lordosis

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17
Q

Lateral curvature of the spine (usually lower spine).

  • More females than males
  • May occur at any age
A

Scoliosis

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18
Q
  • Osteoma
  • Osteosarcoma (osteogenic sarcoma)
  • Chondrosarcoma
  • Ewing’s tumor
  • Giant cell tumor
A

Neoplasms of bone

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19
Q

A tumor formed of bone. It may occur as an overgrowth of or outgrowth from bone, but constituting an independent tumor, benign, rare.

  • New piece of bone usually growing on another bone.
  • Usually in the skull, long bones of the arms and legs (femur).
A

Osteoma

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20
Q
  • Pain, mostly at night

- Most common in children, males

A

Symptoms of osteoma

21
Q

Bone malignant neoplasm.

  • Most common
  • Accounting for 35% of primary bone malignancies
  • More common in children and adolescents
  • 50% arise from bones around the knee
A

Osteosarcoma (osteogenic sarcoma)

22
Q

Cartilage based tumor.

  • Shoulder and knee
  • Rare cancer metastasizes to other parts of the body.
A

Chondrosarcoma

23
Q

Small cell tumor.

  • Most commonly affects young patients
  • The origin is not known
  • Usually in long bones of the leg
A

Ewing’s tumor

24
Q

Massive destruction of the end (epiphysis) of a long bone.

  • Knee, jaw bone
  • Causes pain, restricts movement.
A

Giant cell tumor

25
Q

Overproduction of bone. Usually in the skull, vertebrae, or pelvis.

  • Begins with bone softening followed by bone overgrowth => enlarged weak bones, bone pain, arthritis, deformed spine and legs, or factures.
  • Affects cranial nerves => vision and hearing
  • May lead to osteogenic sarcoma
A

Paget’s Disease (osteitis deformans)

26
Q

Broken bones

A

Bone fractures

27
Q

Results from disease that weakened bone locally.

A

Pathologic fracture

28
Q
  • Lack of mechanical stress (lack of exercise, prolonged bed rest)
  • Age older than 80 years
  • Weight less than 130lbs.
  • Long term use of sedatives (benzodiazepines)
  • Poor vision
  • Tumor
A

Risk factors of bone fractures

29
Q
  • Simple
  • Closed
  • Open (compound)
  • Comminuted
  • Greenstick (incomplete)
  • Impacted (compression)
  • Spiral
A

Types of bone fractures

30
Q

Single fracture line

  • Complete
  • Incomplete
A

Simple fracture

31
Q

Fracture line extending all the way across the bone.

A

Complete simple fracture

32
Q

Other than complete.

A

Incomplete simple fracture

33
Q

Bone has not broken through skin.

A

Closed fracture

34
Q

Bone protrudes though skin.

A

Open (compound) fracture

35
Q

Multiple fractures in a single site.

A

Comminuted fracture

36
Q

Bent or partially broken bone.

A

Greenstick (incomplete) fracture

37
Q

Due to sudden end-to-end force that causes the bone to collapse.

A

Impacted (compression) fracture

38
Q

Due to a twisting force.

A

Spiral fracture

39
Q

Inflammation of joints.

  • “wearing out” of a joint
  • Acute, chronic, rheumatoid, etc.
A

Osteoarthritis

40
Q
  • Rapid onset, usually short term.
  • Due to injury
  • Joint is swollen, tender, painful
  • Temporary loss of motion
  • No long term effects
A

Acute arthritis

41
Q
  • Longer term
  • Swollen joint, tender, painful
  • Loss of motion due to repeated injuries (no proper healing is allowed)
  • Scar tissue in the joint ( Bone spurs) => joint becomes immobile
    - Ankylosis may occur
A

Chronic arthritis

42
Q

A fixed joint.

A

Ankylosis

43
Q

Most severe form; arthro = joint

  • Autoimmune disorder
  • Affects joints and connective tissue
  • Results in chronic long term calcification of one or more joints.
  • Can occur at any age and to any joint => ankylosis
A

Rheumatoid arthritis

44
Q

Named for the infecting disease.

-e.g., Gonorrheal arthritis, tuberculosis arthritis, syphilitic arthritis.

A

Other types of arthritis

45
Q

Inflammation of the bursae.

  • Most often affecting the shoulder joints
  • Acute, due to injury
  • Very painful
  • Usually not long term effect.
A

Bursitis

46
Q

Small fluid-filled sac located near the joint that cushions and reduces friction on movement.

A

Bursa

47
Q
  • Malformation (anomaly)

- Bone procurement

A

Postmortem conditions

48
Q

The proper term used for organ and/or bone transplantation (never use the term harvesting).

A

Bone procurement

pathology (23 decks)

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