Neoplasms

Question 1

Tumor definition

Answer 1

A mass of cells that arise because of overgrowth

Question 2

Neoplasm definition

Answer 2

Abnormal mass of tissue, excessive and uncoordinate growth

Question 3

Anaplasia

Answer 3

Change in structor and orientation of cells, loss of differentiation and reversion to a primitive form

Question 4

Benign

Answer 4

Neoplasm containing well-differntiated cells clustered together in a single mass

Question 5

Malignant

Answer 5

Neoplasm contains cells with less differentation and can metastasize

Question 6

Invasion

Answer 6

Cells from primary tumor grow to adjacent tissue

Question 7

Seeding

Answer 7

Spread of cancer cells in body fluids and cavities

Question 8

Metastasis

Answer 8

Transfer or spread of cancer cells from one site to another (distant sites)

Question 9

Benign tumors end with

Answer 9

Oma

Malignant exceptions are lymphoma and blastoma

Question 10

Malignant tumors end with

Answer 10

Sarcoma or carcinoma

Question 11

Malignant epithelial origin

Answer 11

Carcinoma

Question 12

Malignant mesenchymal origin

Answer 12

Sarcoma

Question 13

4 distinguishing characteristics of benign vs malignant

Answer 13

Cell characterisitcs
Rate of growth
Manner of growth
Capacity to metastasize

Question 14

Benign tumors

Answer 14

Well differentiated, resemble origin cells

Question 15

Malignant tumors

Answer 15

Undifferentiated, anaplasia with atypical structure

Looks different than origin

Question 16

Benign mode of growth

Answer 16

Expansion, usually encapsulated

Question 17

Malignant mode of growth

Answer 17

Invasion, seeding

Question 18

Rate of growth of benign

Answer 18

Slower than malignant

Question 19

How do malignant tumors spread

Answer 19

Blood, lymph, serous fluid

Question 20

Additional malignant neoplasm facts

Answer 20

Necrosis can be associated
Hemorrhage from disruption of blood vessels as it spreads
Two categories Solid or hematologic

Question 21

How do malignant spread

Answer 21

Ability to produce enzymes that break down surrounding environment
Lack of adhesion to cell which allows them to move freely
Abnormal cytoskeletons allow them to migrate
Peritoneal cavitiy most likely to be seeded

Question 22

Angiogenesis

Answer 22

Metastasis often occurs through lymph node or vein that primarily drains specific area
Many cancer cells have angiogenesis and enter bloodstream this way

Question 23

The stage of cancer describes

Answer 23

Size and how far it has spread

Question 24

The grade of cancer describes

Answer 24

Appearance of cells

Question 25

Common staging (changes cancer to cancer)

Answer 25

``` 0 in situ (hasnt spread) 1 small hasnt spread 2 grown no spread 3 larger and starting to spread 4 at least one other organ ```

Question 26

Grading system

Answer 26

1 resembles normal cells 2 don't look normal and growing faster 3 look abnormal and growing/spreading

Question 27

Two broad categories of genes for cancer

Answer 27

``` Gene overactivity (proto-onco) generally code for growth factor proteins become cancerous via mutation or Gene underactivity - tumor suppresion genes become less active (usually for apoptosis) ```

Question 28

Cancer causes

Answer 28

``` Genes Epigenetics Molecular cellular pathways Microenvironment Carcinogensis ```

Question 29

Carcinogenesis

Answer 29

Chemical, physical or biologic Initation (genetic defect) Promotion (agonization of growth) Progression (development of worsening traits)

Question 30

Host and environment factors

Answer 30

``` Age most important Heredity Hormones Immunological Chemical Radation Oncogenic viruses ```

Question 31

Young people cancers

Answer 31

Due to rate of mitosis | Bone, leukemia, neuroblastoma

Question 32

Immune system

Answer 32

Immune system can destroy cancer if it can recognize it, immunosuppresed more likely to get cancer

Question 33

Chemicals

Answer 33

Indirect (metabolic conversin) | Free radicals react with DNA or RNA or with proteins they code for

Question 34

Radiation

Answer 34

Ionizing and UV can displace electrons, create free radicals, break molecular bonds, damage DNA

Question 35

Oncogenic Viruses

Answer 35

Insert into DNA and fuck shit up | HPV, EBV, HBV, HHV, HTLV

Question 36

Local tissue issues cancer

Answer 36

Compression and erosion of blood vessels causing hemorrhage and hypoxia Enzymes and toxins from cancer can destroy local cells Produce effusions through seeding 50% of undiagnosed effusions are malignant

Question 37

Systemic

Answer 37

Cachexia (general physical wasting muscle and all) Anorexia Probably from persistent inflammatory response

Question 38

Fatigue and sleep disorders

Answer 38

Peripheral - NM apparatus fails to perform tasks in respons to central stimulation from lack of ATP from metabolic byproduct buildup Central - difficult initiating voluntary activites caused by cytokine affection of serotonin

Question 39

Anemia in cancer

Answer 39

By hemorrhage, hemolysis, impaired RBC production | Metabolic demands of growing tumor is one example of how RBC could be impaired

Question 40

Paraneoplastic syndromes

Answer 40

S&S related to sites not directly affect by cancer Production of hormones and mediators by neoplastic tissue fuck up hormones, blood, neuro, skin (trousseaus syndrome is hyper coagulation)

Question 41

Tumor Markers

Answer 41

Antigens on surface of tumor cells | Substances released from normal cells

Question 42

Diagnostic methods for cytologic/histologic

Answer 42

``` Cell smears Biopsies Needle aspiration Immunohistochemistry Microarray (inserting gene markers that detect genes being expressed) ```

Question 43

Radiation treatment

Answer 43

Ionize molecules and form free radicals Better for faster dividing tissue Used with surgery or chemo

Question 44

Chemo

Answer 44

Systemic effects (radiation is localized) the effect is to target cell growth and replication

Question 45

Targeted therapy

Answer 45

New and progressive, specific to cancer tissue, does not effect normal cells EX targeting angiogensis and apoptosis pathways