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Pathology > Neoplasms > Flashcards

Neoplasms Flashcards

1
Q

Tumor definition

A

A mass of cells that arise because of overgrowth

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2
Q

Neoplasm definition

A

Abnormal mass of tissue, excessive and uncoordinate growth

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3
Q

Anaplasia

A

Change in structor and orientation of cells, loss of differentiation and reversion to a primitive form

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4
Q

Benign

A

Neoplasm containing well-differntiated cells clustered together in a single mass

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5
Q

Malignant

A

Neoplasm contains cells with less differentation and can metastasize

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6
Q

Invasion

A

Cells from primary tumor grow to adjacent tissue

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7
Q

Seeding

A

Spread of cancer cells in body fluids and cavities

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8
Q

Metastasis

A

Transfer or spread of cancer cells from one site to another (distant sites)

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9
Q

Benign tumors end with

A

Oma

Malignant exceptions are lymphoma and blastoma

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10
Q

Malignant tumors end with

A

Sarcoma or carcinoma

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11
Q

Malignant epithelial origin

A

Carcinoma

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12
Q

Malignant mesenchymal origin

A

Sarcoma

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13
Q

4 distinguishing characteristics of benign vs malignant

A

Cell characterisitcs
Rate of growth
Manner of growth
Capacity to metastasize

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14
Q

Benign tumors

A

Well differentiated, resemble origin cells

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15
Q

Malignant tumors

A

Undifferentiated, anaplasia with atypical structure

Looks different than origin

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16
Q

Benign mode of growth

A

Expansion, usually encapsulated

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17
Q

Malignant mode of growth

A

Invasion, seeding

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18
Q

Rate of growth of benign

A

Slower than malignant

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19
Q

How do malignant tumors spread

A

Blood, lymph, serous fluid

20
Q

Additional malignant neoplasm facts

A

Necrosis can be associated
Hemorrhage from disruption of blood vessels as it spreads
Two categories Solid or hematologic

21
Q

How do malignant spread

A

Ability to produce enzymes that break down surrounding environment
Lack of adhesion to cell which allows them to move freely
Abnormal cytoskeletons allow them to migrate
Peritoneal cavitiy most likely to be seeded

22
Q

Angiogenesis

A

Metastasis often occurs through lymph node or vein that primarily drains specific area
Many cancer cells have angiogenesis and enter bloodstream this way

23
Q

The stage of cancer describes

A

Size and how far it has spread

24
Q

The grade of cancer describes

A

Appearance of cells

25
Q

Common staging (changes cancer to cancer)

A 
0 in situ (hasnt spread)
1 small hasnt spread
2 grown no spread
3 larger and starting to spread
4 at least one other organ
26
Q

Grading system

A

1 resembles normal cells
2 don’t look normal and growing faster
3 look abnormal and growing/spreading

27
Q

Two broad categories of genes for cancer

A 
Gene overactivity (proto-onco) generally code for growth factor proteins become cancerous via mutation or
Gene underactivity - tumor suppresion genes become less active (usually for apoptosis)
28
Q

Cancer causes

A 
Genes
Epigenetics
Molecular cellular pathways
Microenvironment
Carcinogensis
29
Q

Carcinogenesis

A

Chemical, physical or biologic
Initation (genetic defect)
Promotion (agonization of growth)
Progression (development of worsening traits)

30
Q

Host and environment factors

A 
Age most important
Heredity
Hormones
Immunological
Chemical
Radation
Oncogenic viruses
31
Q

Young people cancers

A

Due to rate of mitosis

Bone, leukemia, neuroblastoma

32
Q

Immune system

A

Immune system can destroy cancer if it can recognize it, immunosuppresed more likely to get cancer

33
Q

Chemicals

A

Indirect (metabolic conversin)

Free radicals react with DNA or RNA or with proteins they code for

34
Q

Radiation

A

Ionizing and UV can displace electrons, create free radicals, break molecular bonds, damage DNA

35
Q

Oncogenic Viruses

A

Insert into DNA and fuck shit up

HPV, EBV, HBV, HHV, HTLV

36
Q

Local tissue issues cancer

A

Compression and erosion of blood vessels causing hemorrhage and hypoxia
Enzymes and toxins from cancer can destroy local cells
Produce effusions through seeding
50% of undiagnosed effusions are malignant

37
Q

Systemic

A

Cachexia (general physical wasting muscle and all)
Anorexia
Probably from persistent inflammatory response

38
Q

Fatigue and sleep disorders

A

Peripheral - NM apparatus fails to perform tasks in respons to central stimulation from lack of ATP from metabolic byproduct buildup
Central - difficult initiating voluntary activites caused by cytokine affection of serotonin

39
Q

Anemia in cancer

A

By hemorrhage, hemolysis, impaired RBC production

Metabolic demands of growing tumor is one example of how RBC could be impaired

40
Q

Paraneoplastic syndromes

A

S&S related to sites not directly affect by cancer
Production of hormones and mediators by neoplastic tissue fuck up hormones, blood, neuro, skin
(trousseaus syndrome is hyper coagulation)

41
Q

Tumor Markers

A

Antigens on surface of tumor cells

Substances released from normal cells

42
Q

Diagnostic methods for cytologic/histologic

A 
Cell smears
Biopsies
Needle aspiration
Immunohistochemistry
Microarray (inserting gene markers that detect genes being expressed)
43
Q

Radiation treatment

A

Ionize molecules and form free radicals
Better for faster dividing tissue
Used with surgery or chemo

44
Q

Chemo

A

Systemic effects (radiation is localized) the effect is to target cell growth and replication

45
Q

Targeted therapy

A

New and progressive, specific to cancer tissue, does not effect normal cells
EX targeting angiogensis and apoptosis pathways

Pathology (24 decks)

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