5 Cardiac part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Hypertension definition

A

Two or more BPs at two consecutive visits Diastolic over 90 or systolic 140-160

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2
Q

Primary HTN

A

Idiopathic or essential
95% of all cases
Etiology based on modifiable and non modifiable risk factors
Clinical manifestations base on specific organs damaged

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3
Q

Non-modifiable risk factors

A

Inheritance
Age
Race - African Americans. Due to sodium retention, SNS hyperactivity, RAAS hyperactivity, vasodilator deficits or socioeconomic factors

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4
Q

Modifiable Risk Factors

A
Sedentary lifestyle (decreased vasc compliance and fat)
Diet (LDLs, K+, Fiber)
Salt intake (Affects RAAS + volume retention)
Abdominal Obesity - insulin resistance, SNS and RAAS stimulation
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5
Q

More modifiable HTN risk factors

A

Insulin resistance - more SNS to compensate
Smoking - endothelial damage
-ETOH SNS activation and increased cardiac function and PVR (moderation reduces VD)
Cocaine - sodium channel blockade and increase in SNS

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6
Q

Clinical manifestations

A

Strong correlation with atherosclerosis and what goes with it (MI, Stroke)
Hypertensive retinopathy
Chronic renal disease, nephropathy, albuminuria
ED

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7
Q

Secondary HTN

A
From underlying disease process like
Renal disorders
Adrenocortical disorders
Pheochromo
Coartcation of Aorta
Oral contraceptives
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8
Q

Renal disorders HTN

A

Decrease renal perfusion (usually from atherosclerosis) results in more renin, increases PVR and fluid retention

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9
Q

Adrenocortical disorders HTN

A

More aldosterone or glucocorticoid release from adrenals

Ultimate result Na+ retention

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10
Q

Pheochromocytoma HTN

A

Tumor of adrenal medulle leads to proliferation and release of catechols which increase PVE and cardiac function

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11
Q

Coarctation of the Aorta HTN

A

Narrowing of aorta (usually distal to subclav arteries)

Increase upper body pressure but decreased lower where kidneys are so increased RAAS

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12
Q

Oral contraceptives HTN

A

Increased E and progesterone leads to water retention from sodium

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13
Q

Hypertensive Crisis (malignant hypertension)

A

Acute elevation of pre-existing HTN
Diastolic over 120
Acute effects are seen cerebral, renal and within eye

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14
Q

Cerebral effects from hypertensive crisis

A

Vasospasm of cerebral arteries and cerebral edema leads to ichemia related neuro manifestations

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15
Q

Renal effects from hypertensive crisis

A

Decreased renal activity leads to retention of waste, lyte issues, pH disorders

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16
Q

Eye effects from hypertensive crisis

A

Increase optic nerve pressure leads to visual deficits

17
Q

PIH Pregnancy induced hypertension

A

5-10% of pregnancy

Major cause of maternal and neonatal mortality worldwide

18
Q

PIH 3 stages

A
Preeclampsia
Eclampsia
HELLP
Hemolysis
Elevated liver enzymes
Low platelet
19
Q

Etiology PIH

A

Unknown but possible from maternal response to placenta (when placenta delivers PIH disappears)

20
Q

Pathology PIH

A

Vasoconstriction of blood vessels which increases BP and decreases perfusion to kidneys (proteinuria and edema, CNS (sensory disturbances and seizures), liver (HELLP)

21
Q

Definition of postural hypotension

A

Decrease in systolic 20 or diastolic 10 within 3 minutes of standing due to a pooling of blood in lower ext

22
Q

Age related etiologies of orthostatic hypotension

A
Decreases:
ANS response
ADH and RAAS
Skeletal muscle
Blood volume
23
Q

Blood volume related etiologies of orthostatic hypotension

A

Dehydration

Diuretic use

24
Q

Impaired mobility etiology orthostatic hypotension

A

Decreased mobility reduces blood volume, muscle activity, venous tone and PVR

25
ANS disorders causing orthostatic hypotension
CVA involving cardiovasc center Diabetes related PVD Spinal cord injury
26
Clinical manifestations orthostatic hypotension
``` Usually related to neuro hypoperfusion Lightheaded/dizzy Nausea Weakness Syncope ```