Endocrine A & P

Question 1

Paracrine

Answer 1

Affects cells nearby (interferon)

Question 2

Autocrine

Answer 2

Affects same cell

Question 3

Fat soluble hormones

Answer 3

Can cross plasma membrane, then bind in nucleus, causing DNA to unravel, RNA to replicate which produces a certain protein
E.g steroids - cholesterol based. Sex hormones, adrenocorticosteroids
Thyroid - T3 and T4 (thyroxine)
Gases - Nitric oxide

Question 4

Water soluble (protein based)

Answer 4

E.g epinephrine
Binds to receptor on plasma membrane, which activates G protein causing ATP to make cAMP which activates all activities in cell
cAMP in bronchial smooth muscle causes bronchodilation
cAMP in heart causes increase strength, rate, and speed of conduction
cAMP in cells with norepi/epi causes vasoconstriction

Question 5

Water soluble exampes

Answer 5

biogenic - histamine
Peptides / proteins - insulin
Eiconasoids - prostaglandins, leukotrines

Question 6

Positive feedback loop examples

Answer 6

Oxytocin during labour, blood clotting, immune response

Question 7

CVO

Answer 7

Circumventricular organ. Section of neuro tissue that is outside blood brain barrier

Question 8

Anterior pituitary hormones (a for adrenal)

Answer 8

HGH (somatotropin)
Prolaction
ACTH
TSH
FSH
LH
Melanocyte stimulating

Question 9

Trophins (trophic)

Answer 9

Hormones responsible for secreting a hormone from another gland

Question 10

FSH females

Answer 10

Follicles to become Ova
Secretion of Estrogen
Sertolli cells in male to produce sperm

Question 11

LH females

Answer 11

“Ripen” the ova
Formation of corpus, luteum, progesterone, secretion by corpus luteum
Spikes mid cycle right before ovulation

Question 12

Oxytocin

Answer 12

positive feedback loop
increases contractions of uterus
In mammary glands promotes secretion of breast milk

Question 13

ADH vasopressin

Answer 13

Stops sweating
reabsorb water
Vasoconstriction
Increase blood volume and pressure

Question 14

3 hormones produced by thyroid gland

Answer 14

T3 T4 calcitonin

Store 100-120 day supply

Question 15

Productio

Answer 15

Follicular cells take iodine, produce thyroglobin, remove tyrosine, dump T3 T4
Thyroglobin is essentially T3 T4 with tyrosine attached

Question 16

Thyroid functions

Answer 16

Increase basal metabolic rate (increase O2, body temp)
Cell metabolism glucose to ATP, protein synthesis, lipolysis
Growth and development, normal development in early years, development of nervous tissue

Question 17

Calcitonin

Answer 17

Parafollicular cells monitor calcium, calcitonin increases osteoblast activity, decrease osteoclast activity to drop blood calcium

Question 18

Cortex (corticals) of adrenal

Answer 18

Outer bark
Mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)
Glucocorticoids (cortisol, cortisone, corticocesterone
Adrogens

Question 19

Medulla (middle)

Answer 19

Catecholamines

Question 20

Mineralcorticoids

Answer 20

Aldosterone, triggered by Angiotensin II
Distal convoluted tubules reabsorb Na+ and H2O
When Na+ reabsorbed, K+ loss
Potassium sparing diuretics inhibit aldosterone (aldactone)

Question 21

Corticosteroids

Answer 21

Cause excessive potassium loss by enhancing or mimicking aldosterone

Question 22

Catechol synthesis

Answer 22

Tyrosine to l-dopa to dopamine to NORepi to epi

Question 23

3 ways cleared

Answer 23

Reuptake
Enzymatic
Diffusion