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Pathology > Neoplasm II > Flashcards

Neoplasm II Flashcards

1
Q

What main cancer can HPV cause? In addition, what other cancer can it cause, particularly in males?

A

Cervical Cancer

Head/Neck Cancers

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2
Q

Which virus is associated with lymphomas, specifically Burkitt, Hodgkin, and non-hodgkin as well as nasopharngeal carcinoma?

A

EBV - Epstein Barr virus

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3
Q

What virus is associated with Kaposi sarcoma?

A

HHV8

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4
Q

Which bacteria can cause gastric lymphoma and adenocarcinoma?

A

Helicobacter pylori

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5
Q

What is the single most important factor contributing to premature death in the US and implicated in cancers in almost every organ?

A

Smoking

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6
Q

What type of cancer does alcohol consumption increase the risk of? For alcoholics?

A

Oropharynx

Hepatocellular carcinoma

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7
Q

Unopposed exposure to estrogen increases which two types of cancer?

A

Breast

Endometrium

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8
Q

What are three environmental carcinogens?

A

Chemical
UV lights
Irradiation

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9
Q

At what point in life do most carcinomas occur?

A

The later years

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10
Q

Do men or women have a smaller range of main cause of death from cancer? What is it?

A

Men - 60-79 years

Women - 40-79 years

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11
Q

Which population are round blue cell tumors more common in? What are some examples of blue cell tumors?

A

Pediatric population
Acute leukemia
Neuroblastoma
Retinoblastoma

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12
Q

Chronic inflammation results in what three cell characteristics/traits that predispose carcinomas?

A

Celll proliferation
Metaplasia
Reactive oxygen species

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13
Q

What chemical is present in Aspergillus mold in nuts? What cancer can it lead to?

A

Aflatoxin B

Hepatocellular carcinoma

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14
Q

What are two molecular targets of chemical carcinogens in DNA?

A

RAS

p53

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15
Q

Which two types of cancer can be caused by ionizing radiation?

A

Leukemia

Thyroid carcinoma

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16
Q

Which type of genetic damage is at the heart of carcinogenesis?

A

Nonlethal

17
Q

What are 4 classes of normal regulatory genes that are targets of cancer-causing mutations?

A

Growth-promoting oncogenes
Growth-inhibiting tumor suppressor genes
Genes that regulate apoptosis
Genes involved in DNA repair

18
Q

Which type of genes are normal and function in the regulation of cell cycle and participate in pathways that drive proliferation?

A

Proto-oncogenes

19
Q

How do oncogenes relate to proto-oncogenes?

A

Mutated versions

20
Q

What do oncogenes encode? What do they resemble? What do they do?

A

Oncoproteins
Normal products
Promote cell growth in absence of normal growth signals

21
Q

What are 4 main classes of pro-growth oncoproteins? What is an important example for the last 3?

A

Growth factors
Growth factor receptors - tyrosine kinases (constituatively activated)
Signal transducers - RAS family
Nuclear transcription factors - MYC oncogene

22
Q

What is the MYC oncogene?

A

Nuclear transcription factor?

23
Q

Insensitivity to rowth-inhibitory signals is usually due to what? Due one or both alleles have to be mutated?

A

Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes

Both

24
Q

RB gene mutation leads to which type of cancer?

A

Retinoblastoma

25
Q

What is the most frequently mutated gene in human cancers? What protein does it normally encode? What does this do in normal cells?

A

TP53
Protein p53
Prevents propagation of genetically defective cells

26
Q

What do adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) genes normally do? If one is lost, how can someone eventually end up with the disease/cancer?

A

Tumor suppressor, inhibit growth promoting signals

The second can acquire a mutation

27
Q

What does the Warburg effect do to cause altered cellular metabolism?

A

Metabolic switch to aerobic glycolysis

28
Q

Over expression of MCL-2 causes what to happen in the cell? What is a type of cancer that can be caused by this?

A

Over survival/no apoptosis

Follicular lymphoma

29
Q

Which three factors play a role in enabling replicative immortality?

A

Evasion of cell senescence
Evasion of mitotic crisis
Capacity for self-renewal

30
Q

What do malignant tumors invade?

A

ECM

31
Q

Benign or Malignant: 2D/flat on cytology? 3D?

A

Benign - 2D

Malignant - 3D

32
Q

What syndrome can arise from defects in mismatch repair pathways of DNA?

A

Lynch syndrome

Pathology (8 decks)

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