Neoplasia - Perez

Question 1

Sarcoids

Answer 1

Most common
Non-metastatic, fibroblastic
Can be locally aggressive
Multifactorial etiology - bovine papilloma virus

Question 2

Types of sarcoids

Answer 2

1. Occult
2. Verrucous
3. Nodular
4. Fibroblastic
5. Mixed sarcoids
6. Malevolent sarcoids

Question 3

Sarcoids TX

Answer 3

1. SX
2. Laser
3. Cryo
4. Chemo
5. Radiotherapy
6. Immunotherapy

Question 4

Sarcoids chemo

Answer 4

1. Cisplatin

2. Five-fluracil

Question 5

Sarcoids radiation

Answer 5

1. High reported cure rate
2. Expensive
3. possibly only option for non-resectable tumors

Question 6

Sarcoids Immunotherapy

Answer 6

1. Bacillus Calmette and Guerin
2. XTERRA and Sarc-off - herbal compounds and cremes
3. Acyclovir
4. Autologous vax
5. Vax with composed chimeric

Question 7

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Answer 7

1. Locally aggressive, malignant, DON’T UNDERESTIMATE
2. Approx 20% of equine mucocutaneous tumors
3. Second most common skin tumor in horse
4. MC-SCC slow to met to local LNs

Question 8

Squam most common location

Answer 8

periorbital region

Question 9

Other common SCC locations

Answer 9

1. Genitalia
2. Face
3. Ear pinnae
4. Perianal region
5. Extremities

Question 10

Commonly affected breeds SCC

Answer 10

1. Paint
2. QH
3. Appies
4. Drafts

Question 11

SCC etiology

Answer 11

1. Chronic UV radiation exposure
2. Chronic keratosis
3. Novel papillomavirus, equine caballus papillomavirus

Question 12

SCC DX

Answer 12

1. Clinical appearance
2. Histopath
3. FNAs suspicious lymph nodes

Question 13

SCC tumor differentiation grade

Answer 13

G1: well differentiated
G2: moderately differentiated Squamous cells
G3: poorly differentiated

Question 14

SCC TX

Answer 14

1. Conventional excision when 0.5-1.0 cm margin possible
2. Do adjunctive treatments
3. Excise affected LNs
4. Male penis
   - segmental posthioplasty (reefing)
   - partial phallectomy
   - en bloc penile and preputial resection with penile retroversion

Question 15

Segmental posthetomy (reefing)

Answer 15

Resection of a circumferential segment of internal preputial lamina

Question 16

SCC radiotherapy

Answer 16

1. Ionizing radiation
2. Teletherapy
3. Brachytherapy

Question 17

SCC chemo

Answer 17

1. Intratumoral cisplatin
2. 5-fluoracil
3. Mitomycin-C
4. Bleomycin
5. Piroxicam

Question 18

Melanoma

Answer 18

1. 80% gray horses > 15 yrs of age

2. Usually slow growing, NBD unless stop U+ or D+

Question 19

Melanoma predilection sites

Answer 19

1. Perineum
2. Base of tail
3. Sheath
4. Commissures of lips, eyes
5. Subauricular LNs
6. Parotid/jugular region

Question 20

Manifestations of melanoma

Answer 20

1. Melanocytic nevus
   - can be seen in non-grays
2. Discrete dermal melanoma
   - benign or malignant
3. Dermal melanomatosis
   - larger masses
4. Anaplastic malignant melanoma

Question 21

Equine malignant melanoma

Answer 21

1. No sex predilection
2. Initially single small raised nodules
3. Large tumors
   - limit head movement, other stuff
   - may compromise blood supply
   - bone involvement

Question 22

Primary visceral melanoma

Answer 22

Has been documented in

• GI tract
• vertebral canal
• skeletal muscles
• guttural pouch
• salivary glands

Question 23

Melanoma TX

Answer 23

1. Surgical excision
2. CO2 ablation
3. Cimetidine
4. Toremifene
5. Cisplatin
6. Immunotherapeutics: IL-12 injections

Question 24

UF Melanoma vaccine

Answer 24

Targeted therapeutic vaccine (DNA based)

Plasmid encoding for human tyrosinase

Question 25

Habronemiasis (summer sores)

Answer 25

Hypersensitivity rxn from aberrant intradermal migration parasitic larvae

Question 26

Habronemiasis predilection sites

Answer 26

1. Lower limbs 2. medial canthus of eye 3. urethral process of penis * need a break in skin for larva to migrate

Question 27

Habronemiasis appearance

Answer 27

``` Proliferative Ulcerative Granulomatous lesions Non-healing Intense pruritis ```

Question 28

Habronemiasis forms

Answer 28

Gastric | Cutaneous

Question 29

Habronemiasis parasites

Answer 29

1. Drashia megastoma 2. Habronema majus 3. Habronema muscae nematodes

Question 30

Habronemiasis transmission

Answer 30

1. House flies 2. Stable flies 3. Face flies

Question 31

Habronemiasis DDX

Answer 31

1. Sarcoid 2. SCC 3. Mast cell tumors 4. Phytiosis

Question 32

Habronemiasis CS

Answer 32

Greasy, serosanguinous with yellow 'rice grain-like' material

Question 33

Habronemiasis DX

Answer 33

1. FNA 2. Scrapings 3. BX cutaneous lesions 4. fly eggs/larva in feces 5. PCR

Question 34

Habronemiasis TX

Answer 34

1. Macrocyclic lactones (ivermectin/moxidectin) - orally/topically 2. Topical corticosteroids 3. Glucocorticosteroids + DMSO 4. Surgical excision dense fibrous tissue 5. Fly control

Question 35

Pythium

Answer 35

Pythium insidiosum (oomycete) Related to algae and diatomeae Enters through break in skin Non-transmissible

Question 36

Pythium found in

Answer 36

water | soil

Question 37

Pythium DDX

Answer 37

1. Fungal infection - Conidiobolus spp - Basidiobolus spp - Lagenidium spp 2. Cutaneous habronemiasis 3. Exuberant granulation tissue 4. SCC 5. Fibroplastic sarcoid

Question 38

Pythium cutaneous lesions

Answer 38

1. large, rounded, granulomatous nodular ulcerative tissue 2. tumor-like lesions with necrotic tissue, eosinophils and hyphae 3. draining fistula containing cores necrotic yellow material - KUNKERS

Question 39

Intestinal Pythium

Answer 39

Stenotic fibrous and disseminated gastrointestinal lesions

Question 40

Pythium Biochem abnormalities

Answer 40

1. Anemic-microcytic hypochromic 2. hypoproteinemia 3. hyperfibrinogenemia 4. leukocytosis - neutophilia - eosinophilia

Question 41

Pythium DX

Answer 41

1. wet mount exam in 10% KOH, then culture 2. Immunodiffusion 3. PCR 4. Cytology and histology * Doesn't stain well on H&E

Question 42

Pythium TX

Answer 42

1. Surgical excision 2. Multiple therapeutics 3. High rate recurrence 4. Antimycotics 5. Immunotherapy