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MTM Exam 4 > Neoplasia (Day 2) > Flashcards

Neoplasia (Day 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four classes of regulatory genes?

A
  1. Activation of growth promoting oncogenes
  2. Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes
  3. Regulation of apoptosis
  4. DNA repair genes
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2
Q

How can tyrosine kinase be constantly activated through?

A
  1. Point mutations (most common in elderly carcinomas)
  2. Gene rearrangements
  3. Gene amplification (over-expression)
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3
Q

If an epidermal growth factor receptor family (EGFR/ERBB) is inactivated, what happens?

A
  • Neurodegenerative Multiple Sclerosis

- Alzheimer’s

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4
Q

If an epidermal growth factor receptor family (EGFR/ERBB) is activated, what happens?

A

ERBB2 is also called Her2/Neu

  • Breast Cancer (ERBB2/Her2Neu)
  • Lung Adenocarcinoma (ERBB1)
  • Stomach, Ovarian, or Uterine Cancer
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5
Q

What is an important tyrosine growth factor receptor for breast, lung, brain, and the stomach?

A

Fibroblastic Growth Factor Receptor

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6
Q

What is an important tyrosine kinase receptor for tumor angiogensis?

A

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGFR)

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7
Q

What is an important tyrosine kinase receptor for familial medullary thyroid carcinoma (MEN2A & MEN2B)?

A

RET Receptor

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8
Q

Conversion of proto-oncogenes to oncogenes occurs by what three mechanisms?

A
  • Point mutations
  • Translocations
  • Amplification (Over-expression)
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9
Q

What is an endometrial carcinoma downstream tyrosine kinase mutation?

A

PTEN (suppressor)

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10
Q

What is a breast carcinoma downstream tyrosine kinase mutation?

A

P13K

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11
Q

What is a “Hairy cell leukemia/Melonoma” downstream tyrosine kinase mutation?

A

RAF/BRAF

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12
Q

What types of mutations create fusion genes encoding constitutively active tyrosine kinases?

A
  • Chromosomal Translocations

- Rearrangements

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13
Q

Explain how Chronic Myelogenous Leukemias (CML) and some Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemias (ALL) are mutated?

A

Chromosome 9 ABL gene is translocated to chromosome 22 (and fuses to the BCR gene).

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14
Q

What translocation events lead to over-expression of proto-oncogenes?

A
  • t (8;14) Burkitt Lymphoma (c-MYC)

- t (14;18) Follicular Lymphoma (Bcl-2)

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15
Q

What translocation events create a fusion/chimeric gene (where the product promotes cell proliferation in the same manner as an oncogene)?

A
  • t (9;22) Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
  • t (15;17) Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (AML M3)
  • t (11;22) Ewing Sarcoma
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16
Q

What is Renal Cell Carcinoma and Alveolar Soft Parts Sarcoma translocation?

A

Xp11 (X:17)

17
Q

What is Synovial Sarcoma translocation?

A

X:18

18
Q

Explain CML’s mutation error.

A

BCR is bound to ABL1 = “Philadelphia Chromosome” (leads to tyrosine kinase activation)

19
Q

Explain Burkitt Lymphoma’s mutation error.

A

c-MYC translocation with an immunoglobin heavy chain > lymphocyte proliferation and possible amplification (worse prognosis with amp)

20
Q

Explain Follicular Lymphoma mutation error.

A

Bcl-2 inhibits apoptosis, which leads to over-expression.

21
Q

Explain Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia mutation error.

A

PML is bound to RAL alpha, which is a transcription factor.

22
Q

Explain Synovial Sarcoma mutation error.

A

SYT is bound to SSX

23
Q

Explain Ewings Sarcoma mutation error.

A

EWS is bound to FLI1, which is a transcription factor.

24
Q

What oncogene does EGFR encode for?

A

ERBB1/HER1

25
Q

What oncogene does EGFR2 encode for?

A

ERBB2/HER2

26
Q

What oncogenes does GTPase encode for?

A

H-RAS and K-RAS

27
Q

What oncogenes does TK encode for?

A

BCR-ABL and SRC

28
Q

What does tumor suppressor gene p53 regulate?

A
  1. Cell cycle progression
  2. DNA repair
  3. Cellular senescence
  4. Apoptosis
29
Q

What is the gatekeeper for chronic neoplasia?

A

APC (Adenomatous Polyposis Coli)

30
Q

If a person has a mutation in APC, what happens?

A

They will likely develop Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) > 100% of Colon Cancers

31
Q

What gene causes Retinoblastoma and Osteosarcoma tumors?

A

Rb

32
Q

What gene causes lung, colon, and breast caner?

A

p53

33
Q

What gene causes Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer?

A

BRCA-1

34
Q

What gene causes Hereditary breast cancer (alone)?

A

BRCA-2

35
Q

What gene causes Adenomatous polyps and colon cancer?

A

APC

36
Q

What gene causes Neurofibromas?

A

NF-1

MTM Exam 4 (12 decks)

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