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MTM Exam 4 > Neoplasia (Day 1) > Flashcards

Neoplasia (Day 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Non-infiltrative growth with a low fatality potential (does not metastasize).

A

Benign Neoplasia

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2
Q

An infiltrative growth with high fatality potential (can metastasize).

A

Malignant Neoplasia

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3
Q

Implies a malignant neoplasm > “crab” like attachment and invasion.

A

Cancer

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4
Q

A distant spread of a malignant lesion (#1 criteria for a malignant lesion).

A

Metastasis

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5
Q

New, uncontrolled growth from cell of origin.

A

Neoplasia

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6
Q

“Disordered growth” and atypia is a feature of of what?

A

Dysplasia

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7
Q

Dysplasia changes are marked and involved full-thickness of the epithelium, but the lesions does NOT penetrate the basement membrane (“pre-invasive”).

A

Carcinoma in-situ

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8
Q

The tumor cells breach the basement membrane to grow into underlying stroma (no definitive timeline).

A

Invasive

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9
Q

Prefix for smooth muscle?

A

Leiomy

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10
Q

Prefix for striated muscle?

A

Rhabdomy

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11
Q

Prefix for fat?

A

Lipo

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12
Q

Preflix for blood vessels?

A

Angio

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13
Q

Prefix for bone?

A

Osteo

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14
Q

Prefix for cartilage?

A

Chondro

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15
Q

Prefix for fibroblast?

A

Fibro

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16
Q

Prefix for vessels?

A

Hemangio

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17
Q
  • A localized mass-like, benign, disorganized growth of tissue but no cell atypia.
  • Cells NORMALLY found at that given site.
  • Not neoplasia, not uncontrolled.
A

Harmartoma

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18
Q
  • A mass like growth of benign, well developed, normally organized tissue.
  • Cells NOT normal to that site.
  • Not neoplasia, not uncontrolled.
A

Choristoma

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19
Q

Degree to which tumor cells resemble the corresponding normal parenchymal cells (from which they came).

A

Differentiation

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20
Q

What type of cells lack the ability to infiltrate, invade, or metastasize?

A

Benign Neoplasms

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21
Q

Describe a malignant neoplasm.

A
  • Infiltrative growth, irregular (atypical cell changes), non-distinct
  • Grows quickly (hypoxic injury)
  • Has the ability to metastasize (invasion)
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22
Q

What are descriptors of malignant tumors?

A
  1. Pleomorphism
  2. Hyperchromasia
  3. Increased nuclear size
  4. Prominent nucleoli
  5. Increased mitosis
  6. Anaplasia
  7. Loss of polarity
23
Q

This is a term used to describe cells that have “many shapes”, vary in size, and are not uniform.

A

Pleomorphism

24
Q

This is a term used to describe cells that have more darkly stained chromatin (which can be clumped). This is usually due to the cells preparing to divide.

A

Hyperchromasia

25
Q

A term used to describe cells without differentiation (which is a hallmark of malignancy).

A

Anaplasia

26
Q

What is the order of concern for cancer?

A
  1. Hamartoma/Choristoma/Metaplasia
  2. Benign Neoplasia
  3. Dysplasia
  4. Malignant Neoplasia
27
Q

True/False: Metaplasia can turn dysplastic and progress to malignant.

A

True

28
Q

What are the three levels of malignant neoplasia?

A
  1. In-situ (not broken through basement membrane)
  2. Invasive (which can metastasize)
  3. Metastasis
29
Q

True/False: Most dysplasia is NOT from metaplasia.

A

True

30
Q

What are pre-neoplastic or predisposing conditions for cancer?

A
  1. Chronic Inflammation
  2. Precursor Lesions
  3. Immunodeficiency States (the immune system is protective against cancer)
31
Q

What is the molecular basis of cancer?

A
  1. Nonlethal genetic damage (cells wont die when damaged)
  2. Clonal expansion of a single precursor cell
  3. Accumulation of complimentary mutations in a step wise fashion
  4. Mutations that cause malignant phenotype are “driver mutations”
32
Q

Carcinomas are malignant tumors of what?

A
  1. Epithelial surfaces
  2. Organs lined with epithelial ducts/glands
  3. Endocrine glands (thyroid)
33
Q

What type of cancer is positive for cytokeratin immunostains?

A

Carcinomas

34
Q

This is a term used to describe fibroblast reactive proliferation to create collagen. This creates firm, fibrous tumor that appears white/grey when cut for sections (characteristic description of carcinomas).

A

Desmoplasia

35
Q

Invasive carcinomas that form glandular configurations.

A

Adenocarcinomas

36
Q

Adenocarcinoma that has NOT breeched the basement membrane of the glandular epithelium.

A

Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS)

37
Q

This type of carcinoma forms solid nests of cells with distinct boarders, intercellular bridges, and pink keratinized cytoplasm (keratin pearls/whirls).

A

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

38
Q

Where do sarcomas arise from? What are some examples?

A
  • They come from “soft tissues” (aka connective tissue or components of the mesoderm).
  • This includes: nerves, muscle, fat, bone, cartilage, fibroblasts, and blood vessels
39
Q

True/False: Sarcomas have desmoplasia.

A

False; they DO NOT have desmoplasia

40
Q

How would someone describe the cells of a sarcoma?

A
  • Very pleomorphic

- Spindle shaped

41
Q

What cancer tests positive for vimentin immunostains?

A

Sarcomas

42
Q

What is a special immunostain combo for leiomysarcoma?

A

Vimentin + Desmin

43
Q

What is a special immunostain combo for a malignant nerve tumor?

A

Vimentin + S100

44
Q

What is a special immunostain for angiosarcoma?

A

Vimentin + CD31

45
Q

What are the two cell types present in a mixed tumor of the parotid gland or a pleomorphic adenoma?

A
  1. Chondroid matrix

2. Epithelial cells/glands

46
Q

What is the lineage of a pleomorphic adenoma?

A

The chondroid cells are being produced from the epithelial cells, which come from the ecto/endoderm.

47
Q

This is a rare tumor that can hold many different types of tissue (such as bone, teeth, muscle, and hair). These types of tumors can be mature or immature (benign or malignant).

A

Teratoma

48
Q

Where are teratoma’s usually found?

A

In the ovaries, testicles, or tailbones.

49
Q

True/False: Teratomas have at least TWO cell types from at least TWO different germ cell layers.

A

True

50
Q

True/False: Teratomas have at least TWO cell types from at least TWO different germ cell layers.

A

True

51
Q

What are the four ways for tumors to spread?

A
  1. Direct extension
  2. Lymph channels to nodes (carcinomas except renal and hepatocellular)
  3. Blood vessels (sarcomas)
  4. Seeding within body cavities (typical of cancers within open fields)
52
Q

How do GI carcinomas metastasize to the liver?

A

venous blood drainage

53
Q

When grading and staging a cancer, which cancer is the one exception to the standard idea that “stage is more important”.

A

Chondrosarcoma; grade of tumor is more important than stage

54
Q

What grades of differentiation require stains or tests to determine cell type?

A

III (Poorly differentiated) and IV (Anaplastic)

MTM Exam 4 (12 decks)

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