Neoplasia (Day 1) Flashcards
Non-infiltrative growth with a low fatality potential (does not metastasize).
Benign Neoplasia
An infiltrative growth with high fatality potential (can metastasize).
Malignant Neoplasia
Implies a malignant neoplasm > “crab” like attachment and invasion.
Cancer
A distant spread of a malignant lesion (#1 criteria for a malignant lesion).
Metastasis
New, uncontrolled growth from cell of origin.
Neoplasia
“Disordered growth” and atypia is a feature of of what?
Dysplasia
Dysplasia changes are marked and involved full-thickness of the epithelium, but the lesions does NOT penetrate the basement membrane (“pre-invasive”).
Carcinoma in-situ
The tumor cells breach the basement membrane to grow into underlying stroma (no definitive timeline).
Invasive
Prefix for smooth muscle?
Leiomy
Prefix for striated muscle?
Rhabdomy
Prefix for fat?
Lipo
Preflix for blood vessels?
Angio
Prefix for bone?
Osteo
Prefix for cartilage?
Chondro
Prefix for fibroblast?
Fibro
Prefix for vessels?
Hemangio
- A localized mass-like, benign, disorganized growth of tissue but no cell atypia.
- Cells NORMALLY found at that given site.
- Not neoplasia, not uncontrolled.
Harmartoma
- A mass like growth of benign, well developed, normally organized tissue.
- Cells NOT normal to that site.
- Not neoplasia, not uncontrolled.
Choristoma
Degree to which tumor cells resemble the corresponding normal parenchymal cells (from which they came).
Differentiation
What type of cells lack the ability to infiltrate, invade, or metastasize?
Benign Neoplasms
Describe a malignant neoplasm.
- Infiltrative growth, irregular (atypical cell changes), non-distinct
- Grows quickly (hypoxic injury)
- Has the ability to metastasize (invasion)
What are descriptors of malignant tumors?
- Pleomorphism
- Hyperchromasia
- Increased nuclear size
- Prominent nucleoli
- Increased mitosis
- Anaplasia
- Loss of polarity
This is a term used to describe cells that have “many shapes”, vary in size, and are not uniform.
Pleomorphism
This is a term used to describe cells that have more darkly stained chromatin (which can be clumped). This is usually due to the cells preparing to divide.
Hyperchromasia
A term used to describe cells without differentiation (which is a hallmark of malignancy).
Anaplasia
What is the order of concern for cancer?
- Hamartoma/Choristoma/Metaplasia
- Benign Neoplasia
- Dysplasia
- Malignant Neoplasia
True/False: Metaplasia can turn dysplastic and progress to malignant.
True
What are the three levels of malignant neoplasia?
- In-situ (not broken through basement membrane)
- Invasive (which can metastasize)
- Metastasis
True/False: Most dysplasia is NOT from metaplasia.
True
What are pre-neoplastic or predisposing conditions for cancer?
- Chronic Inflammation
- Precursor Lesions
- Immunodeficiency States (the immune system is protective against cancer)
What is the molecular basis of cancer?
- Nonlethal genetic damage (cells wont die when damaged)
- Clonal expansion of a single precursor cell
- Accumulation of complimentary mutations in a step wise fashion
- Mutations that cause malignant phenotype are “driver mutations”
Carcinomas are malignant tumors of what?
- Epithelial surfaces
- Organs lined with epithelial ducts/glands
- Endocrine glands (thyroid)
What type of cancer is positive for cytokeratin immunostains?
Carcinomas
This is a term used to describe fibroblast reactive proliferation to create collagen. This creates firm, fibrous tumor that appears white/grey when cut for sections (characteristic description of carcinomas).
Desmoplasia
Invasive carcinomas that form glandular configurations.
Adenocarcinomas
Adenocarcinoma that has NOT breeched the basement membrane of the glandular epithelium.
Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS)
This type of carcinoma forms solid nests of cells with distinct boarders, intercellular bridges, and pink keratinized cytoplasm (keratin pearls/whirls).
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Where do sarcomas arise from? What are some examples?
- They come from “soft tissues” (aka connective tissue or components of the mesoderm).
- This includes: nerves, muscle, fat, bone, cartilage, fibroblasts, and blood vessels
True/False: Sarcomas have desmoplasia.
False; they DO NOT have desmoplasia
How would someone describe the cells of a sarcoma?
- Very pleomorphic
- Spindle shaped
What cancer tests positive for vimentin immunostains?
Sarcomas
What is a special immunostain combo for leiomysarcoma?
Vimentin + Desmin
What is a special immunostain combo for a malignant nerve tumor?
Vimentin + S100
What is a special immunostain for angiosarcoma?
Vimentin + CD31
What are the two cell types present in a mixed tumor of the parotid gland or a pleomorphic adenoma?
- Chondroid matrix
2. Epithelial cells/glands
What is the lineage of a pleomorphic adenoma?
The chondroid cells are being produced from the epithelial cells, which come from the ecto/endoderm.
This is a rare tumor that can hold many different types of tissue (such as bone, teeth, muscle, and hair). These types of tumors can be mature or immature (benign or malignant).
Teratoma
Where are teratoma’s usually found?
In the ovaries, testicles, or tailbones.
True/False: Teratomas have at least TWO cell types from at least TWO different germ cell layers.
True
True/False: Teratomas have at least TWO cell types from at least TWO different germ cell layers.
True
What are the four ways for tumors to spread?
- Direct extension
- Lymph channels to nodes (carcinomas except renal and hepatocellular)
- Blood vessels (sarcomas)
- Seeding within body cavities (typical of cancers within open fields)
How do GI carcinomas metastasize to the liver?
venous blood drainage
When grading and staging a cancer, which cancer is the one exception to the standard idea that “stage is more important”.
Chondrosarcoma; grade of tumor is more important than stage
What grades of differentiation require stains or tests to determine cell type?
III (Poorly differentiated) and IV (Anaplastic)
