Neoplasia and immune diseases Flashcards
What is the main target for the humoral immune system?
Extracellular microbes and toxins
What is the main target for cell mediated immunity?
Intracellular pathogens and tumors
What type of bacterial infections are free mediated antibodies most effective against?
encapsulate like strep pneumo
What cytokines do natural Killer cells release?
INF gamma which summons macrophages.
How can you tell if B-lymphocyte proliferation is clonal?
If all the cells express the same type of light chain.
What type of molecule is MHC?
A membrane bound glycoprotein
What is the purpose of HLA testing?
To determine disease risk
To calculate transplantation graft survival
What is the definition of atopy?
Predisposition to develop hypersensitivity
Type I hypersensitivity requires these 2 things?
Exposure to an antigen and repeated exposure to the same antigen
Binding of these 2 cells are precursors of Type I hypersensitivity
mast cell and IgE
Common causes of Type I hypersensitivity reactions?
Pollen, insect bites, foods, drugs
What are the 3 components of life threatening anaphylaxis?
Vascular shock
Widespread edema
resp. distress
Cause of death for anaphalxis
bronchial constriction or upper airway edema leading to resp. failure and cardiac collapse
Major causes of Type II hypersensitivity?
antibodies reacting to normal or abnormal cell surface markers. may be autoimmune.
These 3 mechanisms are all hallmarks of this disorder Opsinazation –> phagocytosis
Ab bind Fc receptor on leukocyte or complement
Make antibodies to normal receptors
Type II hypersensitiviy disorder
Describe GoodPasture Syndrome
Make antibodies to proteins in the basement of your kindey glomerulus and lung alveolar membrane. End up with nephritis and lung hemorrhages
In which disorder does your body make antibodies to the desmogliones in the basal layer of the epidermis?
Pemphigus vulgaris
Describe the 3 stages of Type 3 Hypersensitivity and an examples
Antibody binds free antigen
Immune complex deposited in vessel wall or elsewhere
Inflammation begins in deposited area
Post streptococcal glomerus nephritis, SLE, serum sickness
Name the chief immune mediator for Type IV hypersensitivity?
CD4+ or CD8+ T-cell that has been sensitized to an antigen
Some common examples of Type IV hypersensitivity
Type I diabetes
Graft rejection
Name the 4 type of genes mutated in cancer
Proto-oncogenes
Tumor suppressor genes
Genes that regulate apoptosis
Genes involved in DNA repair
Name some types proto-oncogenes
Growth factor
Growth promoting signals
transcription factors
cyclin and clyclin dependant kinases
Describe the 2 hit hypotheses and what genes does it apply to?
2 defects required for damage
Tumor suppressor genes
Genes that regulate apoptosis
Genes involved in DNA repair
Name 2 mutations in tumor suppressor genes
FAP(100%) and BRAC 1 and 2(60%)
What is the common defect in development of apototic invasion?
BCL-2 gene
An upregulation of telomerase results in what trait?
Limitless replicative potential possibly leading to slow growth cancers
To increase angiogenesis tumor cells do what 2 things?
upregulate VEG-F
downregulate angiogenic inhibitors
2 key steps required for invasion and metastatis
Invade ECM
vascular dissemination
2 schools of thought on preferential spread of tumor cells
endothelial adhesion on organs
chemokine receptors on tumors
Xeroderma pigmentous, Fanconi anemia and Bloom’s sydnrome are examples of what type of defect?
inherited DNA repair defect
Name some ways tumor cells invade the immune system?
Downregulate MHC Suppress immune system Kill CTL mask their antigens loss or downregulation of co-stimulatory molecules
HER2/Neu positive trait is significant in breast cancer because?
Can use Herciption(Trastuzumab) - monoclonal antibody to that receptor
Kras mutation is related to what cancer? Is it good or bad?
Colon cancer
Bad - the cancer is growth factor independent. can’t use normal treatment
What proto-oncogene and mutation that results in CML
ABL t(9;22) philadelphia chromosome - disgreg TK
Oncogene implicated in Burkitts Lymphoma
myc- disregulates nuclear transcription
What is the normal function and result of mutation in the SIS proto-oncogene?
growth factor synthesis
overexpression leads to osteogenic sarcoma and astrocytoma
What are the 3 main functions of tumor suppressor genes?
regulation of cell cycle at G1/S and G2/M
regulation of nuclear transcription
regulation of cell differentiation
Inactivation of genes required for DNA repair can cause this syndrome?
Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colon Cancer Syndrome
What type of structural chromosome changes would one see in malignancy?
translocations
deletions
reduplication
amplification
