Neoplasia and immune diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main target for the humoral immune system?

A

Extracellular microbes and toxins

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2
Q

What is the main target for cell mediated immunity?

A

Intracellular pathogens and tumors

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3
Q

What type of bacterial infections are free mediated antibodies most effective against?

A

encapsulate like strep pneumo

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4
Q

What cytokines do natural Killer cells release?

A

INF gamma which summons macrophages.

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5
Q

How can you tell if B-lymphocyte proliferation is clonal?

A

If all the cells express the same type of light chain.

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6
Q

What type of molecule is MHC?

A

A membrane bound glycoprotein

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7
Q

What is the purpose of HLA testing?

A

To determine disease risk

To calculate transplantation graft survival

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8
Q

What is the definition of atopy?

A

Predisposition to develop hypersensitivity

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9
Q

Type I hypersensitivity requires these 2 things?

A

Exposure to an antigen and repeated exposure to the same antigen

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10
Q

Binding of these 2 cells are precursors of Type I hypersensitivity

A

mast cell and IgE

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11
Q

Common causes of Type I hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Pollen, insect bites, foods, drugs

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12
Q

What are the 3 components of life threatening anaphylaxis?

A

Vascular shock
Widespread edema
resp. distress

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13
Q

Cause of death for anaphalxis

A

bronchial constriction or upper airway edema leading to resp. failure and cardiac collapse

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14
Q

Major causes of Type II hypersensitivity?

A

antibodies reacting to normal or abnormal cell surface markers. may be autoimmune.

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15
Q

These 3 mechanisms are all hallmarks of this disorder Opsinazation –> phagocytosis
Ab bind Fc receptor on leukocyte or complement
Make antibodies to normal receptors

A

Type II hypersensitiviy disorder

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16
Q

Describe GoodPasture Syndrome

A

Make antibodies to proteins in the basement of your kindey glomerulus and lung alveolar membrane. End up with nephritis and lung hemorrhages

17
Q

In which disorder does your body make antibodies to the desmogliones in the basal layer of the epidermis?

A

Pemphigus vulgaris

18
Q

Describe the 3 stages of Type 3 Hypersensitivity and an examples

A

Antibody binds free antigen
Immune complex deposited in vessel wall or elsewhere
Inflammation begins in deposited area
Post streptococcal glomerus nephritis, SLE, serum sickness

19
Q

Name the chief immune mediator for Type IV hypersensitivity?

A

CD4+ or CD8+ T-cell that has been sensitized to an antigen

20
Q

Some common examples of Type IV hypersensitivity

A

Type I diabetes

Graft rejection

21
Q

Name the 4 type of genes mutated in cancer

A

Proto-oncogenes
Tumor suppressor genes
Genes that regulate apoptosis
Genes involved in DNA repair

22
Q

Name some types proto-oncogenes

A

Growth factor
Growth promoting signals
transcription factors
cyclin and clyclin dependant kinases

23
Q

Describe the 2 hit hypotheses and what genes does it apply to?

A

2 defects required for damage
Tumor suppressor genes
Genes that regulate apoptosis
Genes involved in DNA repair

24
Q

Name 2 mutations in tumor suppressor genes

A

FAP(100%) and BRAC 1 and 2(60%)

25
Q

What is the common defect in development of apototic invasion?

A

BCL-2 gene

26
Q

An upregulation of telomerase results in what trait?

A

Limitless replicative potential possibly leading to slow growth cancers

27
Q

To increase angiogenesis tumor cells do what 2 things?

A

upregulate VEG-F

downregulate angiogenic inhibitors

28
Q

2 key steps required for invasion and metastatis

A

Invade ECM

vascular dissemination

29
Q

2 schools of thought on preferential spread of tumor cells

A

endothelial adhesion on organs

chemokine receptors on tumors

30
Q

Xeroderma pigmentous, Fanconi anemia and Bloom’s sydnrome are examples of what type of defect?

A

inherited DNA repair defect

31
Q

Name some ways tumor cells invade the immune system?

A
Downregulate MHC
Suppress immune system
Kill CTL
mask their antigens
loss or downregulation of co-stimulatory molecules
32
Q

HER2/Neu positive trait is significant in breast cancer because?

A

Can use Herciption(Trastuzumab) - monoclonal antibody to that receptor

33
Q

Kras mutation is related to what cancer? Is it good or bad?

A

Colon cancer

Bad - the cancer is growth factor independent. can’t use normal treatment

34
Q

What proto-oncogene and mutation that results in CML

A

ABL t(9;22) philadelphia chromosome - disgreg TK

35
Q

Oncogene implicated in Burkitts Lymphoma

A

myc- disregulates nuclear transcription

36
Q

What is the normal function and result of mutation in the SIS proto-oncogene?

A

growth factor synthesis

overexpression leads to osteogenic sarcoma and astrocytoma

37
Q

What are the 3 main functions of tumor suppressor genes?

A

regulation of cell cycle at G1/S and G2/M
regulation of nuclear transcription
regulation of cell differentiation

38
Q

Inactivation of genes required for DNA repair can cause this syndrome?

A

Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colon Cancer Syndrome

39
Q

What type of structural chromosome changes would one see in malignancy?

A

translocations
deletions
reduplication
amplification