neoplasia

Question 1

suffix -oma

Answer 1

tumour

Question 2

neoplasm

Answer 2

a new and abnormal growth of a tissue - tumour

persists even after stimuli removed

Question 3

how are tumours classified

Answer 3

by their
clinical behaviour - benign or malignant
histogenesis - tissue of origin

Question 4

metastasis

Answer 4

development of secondary malignant growths at a distance from the primary site

Question 5

benign vs maligant

growth patterns

Answer 5

benign - all parts expand at same rate and time , encapsulated therefore localised
malignant - no capsule therefore spread via infiltration/ invasion. potential for metastasis

Question 6

benign vs malignant

growth rate

Answer 6

benign - slow

malignant - fast

Question 7

benign vs malignant

histology

Answer 7

benign - cells resemble tissue of origin, few dividing cells
malignant - variable resemblance to origin tissue, cells change shape/ size (pleomorphism), manny mitotic figures

Question 8

pleomorphism

Answer 8

more than one form

Question 9

benign vs malignant

clinical effects

Answer 9

benign - small effects, swelling causes pressure on other structures which may cause excess hormone release
malignant - pressure, destruction, invasion, requires surgery/ chemotherapy to remove

Question 10

carcinoma

Answer 10

malignancy of epithelium

Question 11

name of benign and malignant tumour in glandular epithelium e.g the salivary glands

Answer 11

benign - adenoma

malignant - adenocarcinoma

Question 12

name of benign and malignant tumour in squamous epithelium

Answer 12

benign - papilloma

malignant - squamous cell carcinoma

Question 13

suffix for malignant tumours in connective tissues

Answer 13

sarcoma e.g osteosarcoma

Question 14

environmental carcinogens

Answer 14

viruses (oncogenic viruses)
chemical agents
physical agents

Question 15

chemical agent examples

Answer 15

smoking, diet, drugs, alcohol, asbestos

Question 16

stages of chemical carcinogenesis

Answer 16

1 - initiation - cell mutates and passes mutation onto daughter cells but remains stable
2 - promotion - exposure to another carcinogen makes cell divide faster and become genetically unstable passing these effects on

Question 17

latent period

Answer 17

time between initiation and promotion - could be years

Question 18

pro-carcinogen

Answer 18

substance that is transformed into a carcinogen by metabolism

Question 19

co-carcinogen

Answer 19

carcinogens that need to act together

Question 20

physical carcinogenesis

ionising radiation

Answer 20

damages DNA causing mutations

has greatest effects in tissues that rapidly renew e.g the epidermis

Question 21

examples of oncogenic viruses

Answer 21

HPV - types 16 and18

HEP B/C

Question 22

top causes of oral cancer

Answer 22

smoking = 1
alcohol (pro-carcinogen and often combined with smoking)
bad oral hygiene
viruses eg HPV

Question 23

is sunlight a cause of oral cancers

Answer 23

no

Question 24

leukoplakia

Answer 24

white patch that cant be rubbed off or attributed to any other cause - could be malignant biopsy required

Question 25

dysplasia

Answer 25

changes in cells appearance/ size

could be malignant