cell injury

Question 1

what is the effects of cell stress dependent on

Answer 1

intensity of stressor (e.g touching candle)

vulnerability (cardiac > skeletal).

Question 2

5 causes of cell injury

Answer 2

hypoxia - no O2 supply
ischaemia - reduced blood supply
physical agents - mechanical trauma, extreme temps , radiation
infectious agents - bacteria, viruses, fungi
nutritional imbalance - anorexia, scurvy etc
immunological reactions - anaphylaxis, autoimmune reactions

Question 3

what gets disrupted in cells during reversible injury

Answer 3

aerobic respiration therefore ATP production due to mitochondrial damage
plasma membrane integrity
enzyme and structural protein synthesis

Question 4

what happens to cell morphology during reversible cell injury

Answer 4

cloudy swelling - influx of Na and H2O due to failure of ATP dependent pumps
fatty change - accumulation of lipid vacuoles in the cytoplasm

Question 5

what are examples of irreversible cell injury/ changes

Answer 5

membrane rupturing
dispersal of organelles
breakdown of lysosomes

Question 6

what are examples of changes seen in reversible cell injury

Answer 6

dilation of organelles

ribosome disaggregation

Question 7

necrosis

Answer 7

cell death due to pathology

results in inflammatory response in surrounding tissues

Question 8

apoptosis

Answer 8

genetically programmed cell death

Question 9

histologically, what does a cell destroyed by necrosis look like

Answer 9

either no nucleus or a shrunken darker stained nucleus

paler cytoplasm as it is swollen

Question 10

coagulative necrosis

Answer 10

no proteolysis due to denaturation of enzymes
no nucleus
architechture preserved for a couple of days

Question 11

liquefactive necrosis

Answer 11

tissue transforms to thick viscous mass (pus)

absecceses, fungal infections etc..

Question 12

caseous necrosis

Answer 12

mostly seen in tuberculosis infection

Question 13

fibrinoid necrosis

Answer 13

special type seen in immune reactions in blood vessels

Question 14

why does necrosis cause inflammation

Answer 14

cell contents released and remains need to be phagocytosed

Question 15

what is a necrotic area replaced by

Answer 15

scar

Question 16

what do the nuclei and cytoplasm tell you about a necrotic cell

Answer 16

nuclei tells you if the cell has died, cytoplasm tells you how the cell has died

Question 17

what are examples of pathological triggers of apoptosis

Answer 17

hypoxia/ ischaemia
dna damage
viral infections

Question 18

what can too little or too much apoptosis result in

Answer 18

too much - degenerative diseases

too little - cancer

Question 19

amyloid proteins

Answer 19

abnormal proteins capable of causing disease. Cant be removed if patients suffers from amyloidosis

Question 20

what does apoptosis do in regards to cell morphology

Answer 20

cell shrinkage
intact membrane
phagocytosed but no inflammation

Question 21

apoptosis vs necrosis 
cell size 
nucleus 
membrane 
contents 
inflammation

Answer 21

shrink. enlarge
fragmentation. loss
intact ruptured
intact leakage
no. yes