Acute inflammation Flashcards
what are 3 main processes in acute inflammation
vascular dilation (increased blood flow) increased vascular permeability (endothelial cells make space) neutrophil activation and migration to the site
what are the 4 main causes of acute inflammation
microbial infection
physical agents e.g trauma, burns, radiation
irritant / corrosive chemicals
tissue necrosis (death due to lack of oxygen/ nutrients)
what are the 5 cardinal signs of acute inflammation
redness (dilation of small blood vessels)
heat (increased blood flow)
swelling (accumulation of fluid)
pain (stretching of tissues due to excess fluid)
loss of function
give an example of acute inflammation
gingivitis
describe the process of acute inflammation in gingivitis
1 - initiation - pattern recognition receptors in gingival epithelium recognise plaque bacteria
2 - progression - microbes are contained by innate immune cells and antimicrobial compounds (e.g AMPs, secretory IgA)
3 - amplification - recruitment of innate immune cells by cytokines , chemokines and vascular dilation
4 - resolution - either resolution (healing) or advancement to chronic inflammation (periodontitis)
what are the 4 steps of progression in acute inflammation
initiayion
progression
recruitment
resolution / advancement
oedema
tissue swelling - excess watery fluid collecting in tissues or cavities
examples of chemical mediators
histamine
bradykinin (involved in coagulation )
prostagandins (lipids made at SOI/D)
examples of protein mediators
cytokines
chemokines
prostaglandins
produced by macrophages and neutrophils
cause vascular dilation
drugs such as ibruprofen stop prostaglandin release
what are the 4 enzymatic cascade plasma factors
complement
kinin system
coagulation
fibrinolytic system
what is the initiating factor for the classical pathway of the complement system
antibody/ antigen complex
what is the initiating factor for the alternative pathway of the complement system
microbial cell wall components
what is the initiating factor for the MBL pathway of the complement system
carbohydrates on pathogen surface
the kinin system
uses hageman factor to generate kallikrein which then converts kinogens to kinins e.g bradykinin which has a similar role to histamine
has an important role in activating the complement system
3 names of the coagulation system activation pathways
extrinsic and intrinsic which leas to the common pathway
what coagulation factor has a pivotal role in the coagulation system
factor Xa
describe the extrinsic pathway pathway of the coagulation system
begins with external trauma which sees blood leave vascular system and exposed molecules of the vessel wall e.g tissue factor
leads to activation of factor Xa
describe the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation system
activated by damage inside the vascular system
at the end a complex is formed which activates factor Xa
describe the common pathway of the coagulation system
Xa and Va complex activates thrombin
thrombin further activates platelets and converts fibrinogen to fibrin
fibrin forms strands which stabilises clots
fibrinolytic system
activates complement system
regulates coagulation system by activating plasmin which degrades fibrin
what does warfarin inhibit
co agulation factors
what does heparin inhibit
antithrombin
suppuration
abscess formation , outcome of acute inflammation
what are the 3 types of dental abscess
gingival - infection/ trauma to gingival surface
periodontal - infection more deep in gingiva
periapical - infection of tooth pulp
what does the complement system lead to
formation of the membrane attack complex and production of anaphylatoxins
