Acute inflammation

Question 1

what are 3 main processes in acute inflammation

Answer 1

vascular dilation (increased blood flow) 
increased vascular permeability (endothelial cells make space) 
neutrophil activation and migration to the site

Question 2

what are the 4 main causes of acute inflammation

Answer 2

microbial infection
physical agents e.g trauma, burns, radiation
irritant / corrosive chemicals
tissue necrosis (death due to lack of oxygen/ nutrients)

Question 3

what are the 5 cardinal signs of acute inflammation

Answer 3

redness (dilation of small blood vessels)
heat (increased blood flow)
swelling (accumulation of fluid)
pain (stretching of tissues due to excess fluid)
loss of function

Question 4

give an example of acute inflammation

Answer 4

gingivitis

Question 5

describe the process of acute inflammation in gingivitis

Answer 5

1 - initiation - pattern recognition receptors in gingival epithelium recognise plaque bacteria
2 - progression - microbes are contained by innate immune cells and antimicrobial compounds (e.g AMPs, secretory IgA)
3 - amplification - recruitment of innate immune cells by cytokines , chemokines and vascular dilation
4 - resolution - either resolution (healing) or advancement to chronic inflammation (periodontitis)

Question 6

what are the 4 steps of progression in acute inflammation

Answer 6

initiayion
progression
recruitment
resolution / advancement

Question 7

oedema

Answer 7

tissue swelling - excess watery fluid collecting in tissues or cavities

Question 8

examples of chemical mediators

Answer 8

histamine
bradykinin (involved in coagulation )
prostagandins (lipids made at SOI/D)

Question 9

examples of protein mediators

Answer 9

cytokines

chemokines

Question 10

prostaglandins

Answer 10

produced by macrophages and neutrophils
cause vascular dilation
drugs such as ibruprofen stop prostaglandin release

Question 11

what are the 4 enzymatic cascade plasma factors

Answer 11

complement
kinin system
coagulation
fibrinolytic system

Question 12

what is the initiating factor for the classical pathway of the complement system

Answer 12

antibody/ antigen complex

Question 13

what is the initiating factor for the alternative pathway of the complement system

Answer 13

microbial cell wall components

Question 14

what is the initiating factor for the MBL pathway of the complement system

Answer 14

carbohydrates on pathogen surface

Question 15

the kinin system

Answer 15

uses hageman factor to generate kallikrein which then converts kinogens to kinins e.g bradykinin which has a similar role to histamine
has an important role in activating the complement system

Question 16

3 names of the coagulation system activation pathways

Answer 16

extrinsic and intrinsic which leas to the common pathway

Question 17

what coagulation factor has a pivotal role in the coagulation system

Answer 17

factor Xa

Question 18

describe the extrinsic pathway pathway of the coagulation system

Answer 18

begins with external trauma which sees blood leave vascular system and exposed molecules of the vessel wall e.g tissue factor
leads to activation of factor Xa

Question 19

describe the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation system

Answer 19

activated by damage inside the vascular system

at the end a complex is formed which activates factor Xa

Question 20

describe the common pathway of the coagulation system

Answer 20

Xa and Va complex activates thrombin
thrombin further activates platelets and converts fibrinogen to fibrin
fibrin forms strands which stabilises clots

Question 21

fibrinolytic system

Answer 21

activates complement system

regulates coagulation system by activating plasmin which degrades fibrin

Question 22

what does warfarin inhibit

Answer 22

co agulation factors

Question 23

what does heparin inhibit

Answer 23

antithrombin

Question 24

suppuration

Answer 24

abscess formation , outcome of acute inflammation

Question 25

what are the 3 types of dental abscess

Answer 25

gingival - infection/ trauma to gingival surface
periodontal - infection more deep in gingiva
periapical - infection of tooth pulp

Question 26

what does the complement system lead to

Answer 26

formation of the membrane attack complex and production of anaphylatoxins