Innate Immunity

Question 1

5 things produced by the oral cavity epithelium to offer immune protection

Answer 1

this tissue produces Antimicrobial peptides, Immunoglobins, Lactoferrin, Lysozyme and cystatins to aid immune protection

Question 2

Function of Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) produced by oral cavity epithelium

Answer 2

the function of these molecules is to directly destroy pathogens or alert and recruit immune system cells

Question 3

Function of lactoferrin produced by oral cavity epithelium

Answer 3

the function of this molecule is to inhibit bacteria requiring iron

Question 4

Function of lysozyme produced by oral cavity epithelium

Answer 4

the function of this molecule is to target bacteria cell walls

Question 5

Function of cystatins produced by oral cavity epithelium

Answer 5

the function of this molecule in the oral cavity is to inhibit viral/ bacterial replication and also aid remineralisation of teeth

Question 6

Function of immunoglobins (secretory IgA) produced by oral cavity epithelium

Answer 6

the function of this molecule is to coat microbe for bacterial recognition , bind to flagellum to inhibit motility , neutralise bacteria toxins and prevent it binding to mucosal surfaces

Question 7

On what cells are Toll like receptors (TLRs) found

Answer 7

these receptors are found on macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells etc..

Question 8

Toll like receptors

Answer 8

there are various different classifications of this receptor that each recognise different components of microbes. they can be found either intracellularly or extracellularly

Question 9

why are TLR2 and TLR4 the most significant toll like receptors for dentists

Answer 9

increased expression of these TLR classifications has been found in the gingiva of patients with periodontitis

Question 10

cytokines

Answer 10

small signalling molecules that co-ordinate the immune response by telling other immune cells what to do

Question 11

families of cytokines

Answer 11

• interferons (IFN-y)

- Interleukins (IL-6 etc)

Question 12

is IL 8 a cytokine or a chemokine

Answer 12

chemokine

Question 13

chemokine

Answer 13

small signalling molecules used for recruitment, tell other immune cells where to go

Question 14

Pattern recognition receptors

Answer 14

variety of receptors that recognise molecules frequently assosciated with pathogens

Question 15

example of a chemokine

Answer 15

IL 8 also known as CXCL 8

Question 16

what attracts neutrophils to the site of infection in the oral mucosa

Answer 16

chemokines - IL-8 / CXCL 8

Question 17

what acts as a marker of inflammation in the oral mucosa

Answer 17

IL 8 / CXCL 8

Question 18

cell adhesion molecules

Answer 18

cell surface proteins that control interactions between immune cells and endothelial cells and allow immune cells to migrate out of blood vessels to the site oof infection

Question 19

3 main families of cell adhesion molecules

Answer 19

selectins - mostly on endothelial
immunoglobin super family (not antibodies) - mostly on endothelial
integrins - mostly on immune cells

Question 20

M1 macrophages

Answer 20

produce pro inflammatory cytokines

Question 21

M2 macrophages

Answer 21

produce anti inflammatory cytokines

Question 22

describe the process of phagocytosis

Answer 22

1 - adherence of phagocyte to microbe
2 - ingestion of microbe by phagocyte
3 - Formation of phagosome (phagocytic vesicle0
4 - Fusion of phagosome and lysosome (phagolysosome)
5 - Digestive enzymes ingest microbe
6 - Formation of residual body containing waste material (in APCs degraded waste is processed for antigen presentation)

Question 23

describe the process of antigen presentation

Answer 23

1 - A pahogen or extracellular antigen is phagocytosed by an APC and placed into a vesicle
2 - Ingested pathogens are digested by lysosomes to extract their antigens
3 - Antigens bind with MHC proteins that enter the vesicle
4 - Mhc proteins , now carrying the antigen, are released from the vesicle and migrate to the outer surface of the cell membrane
5 - dendritic cell is now presenting antigens which will activate T cells that bind with the MHC proteins

Question 24

plasma

Answer 24

liquid component of blood after the cellular components have been removed

Question 25

complement

Answer 25

selection of soluble proteins present in circulation that are part of the immune response

Question 26

opsonisation

Answer 26

coating of pathogens making them more susceptible for phagocytosis

Question 27

describe the process of antigen presentation

Answer 27

1 - A pahogen or extracellular antigen is phagocytosed by an APC and placed into a vesicle
2 - Ingested pathogens are digested by lysosomes to extract their antigens
3 - Antigens bind with MHC proteins that enter the vesicle
4 - Mhc proteins , now carrying the antigen, are released from the vesicle and migrate to the outer surface of the cell membrane
5 - dendritic cell is now presenting antigens which will activate T cells that bind with the MHC proteins

Question 28

plasma

Answer 28

liquid component of blood after the cellular components have been removed

Question 29

complement

Answer 29

selectipn of soluble proteins present in circulation that drive inflammation or opsonisation

Question 30

opsonisation

Answer 30

coating of pathogens with proteins that facilitate phagocytosis

Question 31

three complement pathway names

Answer 31

classical
alternative
mannose binding lectin (MBL)

Question 32

anaphylatoxins

Answer 32

fragments produced as part of the activation of the complement system, lead to smooth muscle contraction and capillary leakage allowing increased migration of immune cells (promote recruitment)