Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

5 things produced by the oral cavity epithelium to offer immune protection

A

this tissue produces Antimicrobial peptides, Immunoglobins, Lactoferrin, Lysozyme and cystatins to aid immune protection

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2
Q

Function of Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) produced by oral cavity epithelium

A

the function of these molecules is to directly destroy pathogens or alert and recruit immune system cells

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3
Q

Function of lactoferrin produced by oral cavity epithelium

A

the function of this molecule is to inhibit bacteria requiring iron

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4
Q

Function of lysozyme produced by oral cavity epithelium

A

the function of this molecule is to target bacteria cell walls

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5
Q

Function of cystatins produced by oral cavity epithelium

A

the function of this molecule in the oral cavity is to inhibit viral/ bacterial replication and also aid remineralisation of teeth

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6
Q

Function of immunoglobins (secretory IgA) produced by oral cavity epithelium

A

the function of this molecule is to coat microbe for bacterial recognition , bind to flagellum to inhibit motility , neutralise bacteria toxins and prevent it binding to mucosal surfaces

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7
Q

On what cells are Toll like receptors (TLRs) found

A

these receptors are found on macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells etc..

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8
Q

Toll like receptors

A

there are various different classifications of this receptor that each recognise different components of microbes. they can be found either intracellularly or extracellularly

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9
Q

why are TLR2 and TLR4 the most significant toll like receptors for dentists

A

increased expression of these TLR classifications has been found in the gingiva of patients with periodontitis

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10
Q

cytokines

A

small signalling molecules that co-ordinate the immune response by telling other immune cells what to do

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11
Q

families of cytokines

A
  • interferons (IFN-y)

- Interleukins (IL-6 etc)

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12
Q

is IL 8 a cytokine or a chemokine

A

chemokine

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13
Q

chemokine

A

small signalling molecules used for recruitment, tell other immune cells where to go

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14
Q

Pattern recognition receptors

A

variety of receptors that recognise molecules frequently assosciated with pathogens

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15
Q

example of a chemokine

A

IL 8 also known as CXCL 8

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16
Q

what attracts neutrophils to the site of infection in the oral mucosa

A

chemokines - IL-8 / CXCL 8

17
Q

what acts as a marker of inflammation in the oral mucosa

A

IL 8 / CXCL 8

18
Q

cell adhesion molecules

A

cell surface proteins that control interactions between immune cells and endothelial cells and allow immune cells to migrate out of blood vessels to the site oof infection

19
Q

3 main families of cell adhesion molecules

A

selectins - mostly on endothelial
immunoglobin super family (not antibodies) - mostly on endothelial
integrins - mostly on immune cells

20
Q

M1 macrophages

A

produce pro inflammatory cytokines

21
Q

M2 macrophages

A

produce anti inflammatory cytokines

22
Q

describe the process of phagocytosis

A

1 - adherence of phagocyte to microbe
2 - ingestion of microbe by phagocyte
3 - Formation of phagosome (phagocytic vesicle0
4 - Fusion of phagosome and lysosome (phagolysosome)
5 - Digestive enzymes ingest microbe
6 - Formation of residual body containing waste material (in APCs degraded waste is processed for antigen presentation)

23
Q

describe the process of antigen presentation

A

1 - A pahogen or extracellular antigen is phagocytosed by an APC and placed into a vesicle
2 - Ingested pathogens are digested by lysosomes to extract their antigens
3 - Antigens bind with MHC proteins that enter the vesicle
4 - Mhc proteins , now carrying the antigen, are released from the vesicle and migrate to the outer surface of the cell membrane
5 - dendritic cell is now presenting antigens which will activate T cells that bind with the MHC proteins

24
Q

plasma

A

liquid component of blood after the cellular components have been removed

25
complement
selection of soluble proteins present in circulation that are part of the immune response
26
opsonisation
coating of pathogens making them more susceptible for phagocytosis
27
describe the process of antigen presentation
1 - A pahogen or extracellular antigen is phagocytosed by an APC and placed into a vesicle 2 - Ingested pathogens are digested by lysosomes to extract their antigens 3 - Antigens bind with MHC proteins that enter the vesicle 4 - Mhc proteins , now carrying the antigen, are released from the vesicle and migrate to the outer surface of the cell membrane 5 - dendritic cell is now presenting antigens which will activate T cells that bind with the MHC proteins
28
plasma
liquid component of blood after the cellular components have been removed
29
complement
selectipn of soluble proteins present in circulation that drive inflammation or opsonisation
30
opsonisation
coating of pathogens with proteins that facilitate phagocytosis
31
three complement pathway names
classical alternative mannose binding lectin (MBL)
32
anaphylatoxins
fragments produced as part of the activation of the complement system, lead to smooth muscle contraction and capillary leakage allowing increased migration of immune cells (promote recruitment)