Innate Immunity Flashcards
5 things produced by the oral cavity epithelium to offer immune protection
this tissue produces Antimicrobial peptides, Immunoglobins, Lactoferrin, Lysozyme and cystatins to aid immune protection
Function of Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) produced by oral cavity epithelium
the function of these molecules is to directly destroy pathogens or alert and recruit immune system cells
Function of lactoferrin produced by oral cavity epithelium
the function of this molecule is to inhibit bacteria requiring iron
Function of lysozyme produced by oral cavity epithelium
the function of this molecule is to target bacteria cell walls
Function of cystatins produced by oral cavity epithelium
the function of this molecule in the oral cavity is to inhibit viral/ bacterial replication and also aid remineralisation of teeth
Function of immunoglobins (secretory IgA) produced by oral cavity epithelium
the function of this molecule is to coat microbe for bacterial recognition , bind to flagellum to inhibit motility , neutralise bacteria toxins and prevent it binding to mucosal surfaces
On what cells are Toll like receptors (TLRs) found
these receptors are found on macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells etc..
Toll like receptors
there are various different classifications of this receptor that each recognise different components of microbes. they can be found either intracellularly or extracellularly
why are TLR2 and TLR4 the most significant toll like receptors for dentists
increased expression of these TLR classifications has been found in the gingiva of patients with periodontitis
cytokines
small signalling molecules that co-ordinate the immune response by telling other immune cells what to do
families of cytokines
- interferons (IFN-y)
- Interleukins (IL-6 etc)
is IL 8 a cytokine or a chemokine
chemokine
chemokine
small signalling molecules used for recruitment, tell other immune cells where to go
Pattern recognition receptors
variety of receptors that recognise molecules frequently assosciated with pathogens
example of a chemokine
IL 8 also known as CXCL 8
what attracts neutrophils to the site of infection in the oral mucosa
chemokines - IL-8 / CXCL 8
what acts as a marker of inflammation in the oral mucosa
IL 8 / CXCL 8
cell adhesion molecules
cell surface proteins that control interactions between immune cells and endothelial cells and allow immune cells to migrate out of blood vessels to the site oof infection
3 main families of cell adhesion molecules
selectins - mostly on endothelial
immunoglobin super family (not antibodies) - mostly on endothelial
integrins - mostly on immune cells
M1 macrophages
produce pro inflammatory cytokines
M2 macrophages
produce anti inflammatory cytokines
describe the process of phagocytosis
1 - adherence of phagocyte to microbe
2 - ingestion of microbe by phagocyte
3 - Formation of phagosome (phagocytic vesicle0
4 - Fusion of phagosome and lysosome (phagolysosome)
5 - Digestive enzymes ingest microbe
6 - Formation of residual body containing waste material (in APCs degraded waste is processed for antigen presentation)
describe the process of antigen presentation
1 - A pahogen or extracellular antigen is phagocytosed by an APC and placed into a vesicle
2 - Ingested pathogens are digested by lysosomes to extract their antigens
3 - Antigens bind with MHC proteins that enter the vesicle
4 - Mhc proteins , now carrying the antigen, are released from the vesicle and migrate to the outer surface of the cell membrane
5 - dendritic cell is now presenting antigens which will activate T cells that bind with the MHC proteins
plasma
liquid component of blood after the cellular components have been removed
complement
selection of soluble proteins present in circulation that are part of the immune response
opsonisation
coating of pathogens making them more susceptible for phagocytosis
describe the process of antigen presentation
1 - A pahogen or extracellular antigen is phagocytosed by an APC and placed into a vesicle
2 - Ingested pathogens are digested by lysosomes to extract their antigens
3 - Antigens bind with MHC proteins that enter the vesicle
4 - Mhc proteins , now carrying the antigen, are released from the vesicle and migrate to the outer surface of the cell membrane
5 - dendritic cell is now presenting antigens which will activate T cells that bind with the MHC proteins
plasma
liquid component of blood after the cellular components have been removed
complement
selectipn of soluble proteins present in circulation that drive inflammation or opsonisation
opsonisation
coating of pathogens with proteins that facilitate phagocytosis
three complement pathway names
classical
alternative
mannose binding lectin (MBL)
anaphylatoxins
fragments produced as part of the activation of the complement system, lead to smooth muscle contraction and capillary leakage allowing increased migration of immune cells (promote recruitment)
