Neoplasia Flashcards
Neoplasia
process of uncoordinated cell growth exceeding the limits established for normal tissues due to loss of responsiveness to normal growth controls
tumor
swelling caused by edema, hemorrhage, or neoplams
usually referring to coming from neoplasm
oncology - study of tumors
metaplasia
REVERSIBLE change from one adult cell type (epithelial or mesenchymal) to another adult cell type ADAPTIVE
metaplasia in and of itself is NOT a precancersous lesion - however the irritant that causes the metaplasia may in time lead to a cancerous transformation
Dysplasia
loss of normal orientation of one epithelial cell to another and associated with cellular anaplasia
This IS A PRECANCEROUS LESION - preneoplastic
Milder forms are reversible
anaplasia
refers to LACK OF DIFFERENTIATION of cells and is marked by a number of morphologic changes like cellular polymorphism, nuclear (increased size)
well differentiated tumors
closely resemble the parent cell of origin
poorly differentiated tumors
more primitive appearance and
poorly differentiated tumors of glandular origin
occur in solid sheets with minimal gland formation
degree of differentiation for squamous epithelial tumors
this is dependent on the extent of keratinization
two divisions of neoplasms
benign
malignant
benign tumor nomenclature
designated with the suffix “OMA”
fibroma
benign tumor of fibroblast
leiomyoma
benign tumor of smooth muscle
chondroma
benign tumor of chondrocytes
exceptions to the “oma” suffix that usually implies benign
lymphoma melanoma seminoma mesothelioma hepatoma
benign tumors of gland forming cells
adenomas
benign tumors of squamous epithelium
epitheliomas or papillomas
epithelium benign tumor name
either adenoma (glands) squamous - papilloma (branched) or epithelioma
polyp
refers to a tumor that projects above a mucosal surface and can be glandular (colon) or squamous (vocal cord)
T/F these benign tumors can be life threatening
TRUE meningioma ependymoma (CNS) insulinoma (sudden hypoglycemia) gastric leiomyoma
two fundamental properties that define a tumor as malignant
- invasion and destruction of the adjacent tissues –> FIRMLY adhering to the involved tissues
- spread to distant sites - metastasis
Nomenclature for malignant mesenchymal cells
sarcomas
nomenclature for epithelial malignant tumors
carcinomas
malignant tumors from squamous cell
squamous cell carcinomas or epidermooid carcinomas
malignant tumor from glandular epithelium
adenicarcinomas
poorly differentiated tumor is what grade
grade 3 - highest grade –> worst prognosis
tumors depart from normal and usually are aggressive in their behavior
TNM cancer stage system
T- refers to the size of the primary tumor
N- number of node metastases
M- presence and extend of distant metastases
Taking into account local growth, lymph node metastasis, and distant metastasis
