Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology > Environmental Pathology > Flashcards

Environmental Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

toxic agents will enter the body where

A

respiratory tract
gastrointestinal tract
through skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

exenobiotics

A

chemical agents - air pollutants, heavy metals, organic chemicals, tobacco, and alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

physical agents

A

mechanical, thermal, electrical, or radiation injuries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

metabolism of exnobiotics

A

mainly by cytochrome p-450 enzymes (CYPs in the endoplasmis reticulum) with generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by products which promote inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

CYPs

A

cytochrome p-450 enzymes -ROS by products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

main chemical/ xenobiotic agent

A

outdoor air pollutants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

smog and its main sources

A

smoke + fog
combustion from fossil fuels like gasoline, oil, coal, wood, and natural gas
these are RESPIRATORY IRRITANTS that cause inflammation and lung damage, especially in asthma sufferers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

outdoor air pollutants

A

sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide (CO), groun-level O3 (ozone), and nitrogen dioxide
make smog

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

ozone

A

o3 - highly reactive oxidant which forms free radicals that promote inflammation and damage to lung epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Carbon monoxide

A

from burning of carbon containing fuel
usually will rapidly oxidize to form Co2 but in high concentrations and in small vacinity (car fumes and closed door) will form carboxyhemoglobin and out compete oxygen –> hypoxia, dizziness, confusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

particulates

A

from coal, silica, and iron
too small for nasal epithelium to trap and elicit immune response - phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages and neutrophils - lung damage with chronic exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

major indoor air pollutants

A

formaldehyde
asbestos fibers - silicate minerals
radon (radioactive gas from uranium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

formaldehyde

A

INDOOR AIR POLL.
from: insulation, glues, wood products
toxic effect - asthma, irritations, contact dermatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Asbestos fibers

A

INDOOR AIR POLL. AKA - silicate materials
From: insulation, floor and ceiling tiles
toxic effect : mesothelioma cancer of lining of pleural or abdominal cavity, lung fibrosis, lung cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Radon

A

indoor air pollut.
From: soil - high concentrations in some basement, URNANIUM MINES
Toxic effects :
Lung cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

heavy metals

A 
chemical toxins 
lead
mercury
arsenic
cadmium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

lead

A

source - water, lead paints, gasoline
Effect: more effect in children
cognitive and physical development - poor remodeling of cartilage and bones - can see ‘lead lines’
blocks Ca metabolsim

18
Q

burtonian line

A

seen in the gums of people with lead poisoning - blue line due to deposition of lead sulfate

19
Q

mercury

A

source : contaiminated fish , old dental amalgams
effect: tremors, confusion, mental retardation
binds to sulfhydral groups in some proteins - especially CNS and kidney

20
Q

arsenic

A

chemical/heavy metal source is soil, water, wood, herbicides
effects: acute GI, cardio vascular and CNS damage, hyperpigmentation and hyperkeratosis - lung and bladder cancers

inhibits mitochondria function

21
Q

cadmium

A

chemical - heavy metal
sources - from batteries –>Into water, soil, food?
effect: obstructive lung disease, kidney damage, lung cancer

22
Q

uranium mind?

A

potential for development of radon poisoning later

radon is a derivative of uranium

23
Q

volatile organic compounds

A

chloroform, carbon tetrachloride (degreasing agents), benzene, and 1-3 butadine used in manufacturing of plastics, lubricants, rubbers, and dies

can enter through the lung

24
Q

chloroform, carbon tetrachlorate, benzene, and 1,3 - butadine are what

A

volatile organic compounds - mainly enter through the lung

25
Q

occupational/consumer manufactired products

A 
PCB;s
Vinyl chloride
Phthalate
BPA
mainly enter through skin, GI, or respiratory tract
26
Q

characteristic manifestation from exposure to organochlorines

A

acne -like eruption with cysts, hyperpigmentation, and hyperkeratosis called CHLORACNE
these are from things like PCB, dioxin, and DDT

27
Q

Bisphenol A - BPA

A

estrogen mimic?

cause cancer- proliferative effect

28
Q

Nicotine

A

alkaloid - organic nitrogen containing base and binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain which will release catecholamines and increase HR, BP, and CO

other components like toxins and formaldehyde can lead to arthrosclerosis –>ischemia–> myocardial infarct

29
Q

smoking - what is the inflammatory response?

A

recruit neutrophiles and elastaces –> destroy the elastin and alveolar wall –> enlarged air spaces–> emphysema and COPD

30
Q

alcohol metabolism

A

through cytosolic alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) which decreases NAD and generates a toxic acetylaldehyde

31
Q

acetylaldehyde

A

this is a carcinogen and interfers with DNA replication and repair

32
Q

depletion of NAD?

A

Fatty deposits in the liver because the liver uses the NAD for fatty acid oxidation, therefore its depletion results in accumulation of fatty acids

33
Q

NAD is used up for what when abusing alcohol?

A

used by the mitochindria to convert the acetylhyde into acetic acid and uses ALDH to do so

34
Q

slower ALDH?

A

slower removal of toxicity generated from alcohol

35
Q

abrasion

A

scraping/rubbing is an injury that removes the superficial layer of the skin

36
Q

contusion

A

bruise from blunt object - shows extravasation of blood into tissue

37
Q

laceration

A

tear or disruptive stretching from a blunt object BLOOD VESSELS ARE INTACT BRIDGING

38
Q

incised wound

A

from a sharp object - has severed bridging blood vessels (in contrast to incised wound)

39
Q

puncture

A

wound -pierced tissue from penetration of a long and narrow sharp object / or perforating if an exit wound is also formed

40
Q

full thickness burns

A

arent painful becuase kill nerve endings and kill the epidermis and dermis

41
Q

Heat exhaustion

A

caused by hypovelemia by dehydration- most common of hyperthermia characteristic

42
Q

hyperthermia and hypothermia temperature

A

hyper - body above 40 - 104 (prolonged core temp)
hypo milkd: 32-35 90/95
moderate 28-32/82-90
severe below 28/below 82 –>slow breathing and unconsciousness

Pathology (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions