Environmental Pathology Flashcards by Abigail Cook

toxic agents will enter the body where

respiratory tract
gastrointestinal tract
through skin

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exenobiotics

chemical agents - air pollutants, heavy metals, organic chemicals, tobacco, and alcohol

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physical agents

mechanical, thermal, electrical, or radiation injuries

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metabolism of exnobiotics

mainly by cytochrome p-450 enzymes (CYPs in the endoplasmis reticulum) with generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by products which promote inflammation

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CYPs

cytochrome p-450 enzymes -ROS by products

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main chemical/ xenobiotic agent

outdoor air pollutants

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smog and its main sources

smoke + fog
combustion from fossil fuels like gasoline, oil, coal, wood, and natural gas
these are RESPIRATORY IRRITANTS that cause inflammation and lung damage, especially in asthma sufferers

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outdoor air pollutants

sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide (CO), groun-level O3 (ozone), and nitrogen dioxide
make smog

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ozone

o3 - highly reactive oxidant which forms free radicals that promote inflammation and damage to lung epithelium

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Carbon monoxide

from burning of carbon containing fuel
usually will rapidly oxidize to form Co2 but in high concentrations and in small vacinity (car fumes and closed door) will form carboxyhemoglobin and out compete oxygen –> hypoxia, dizziness, confusion

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particulates

from coal, silica, and iron
too small for nasal epithelium to trap and elicit immune response - phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages and neutrophils - lung damage with chronic exposure

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major indoor air pollutants

formaldehyde
asbestos fibers - silicate minerals
radon (radioactive gas from uranium)

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formaldehyde

INDOOR AIR POLL.
from: insulation, glues, wood products
toxic effect - asthma, irritations, contact dermatitis

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Asbestos fibers

INDOOR AIR POLL. AKA - silicate materials
From: insulation, floor and ceiling tiles
toxic effect : mesothelioma cancer of lining of pleural or abdominal cavity, lung fibrosis, lung cancer

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Radon

indoor air pollut.
From: soil - high concentrations in some basement, URNANIUM MINES
Toxic effects :
Lung cancer

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heavy metals

chemical toxins 
lead
mercury
arsenic
cadmium

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lead

source - water, lead paints, gasoline
Effect: more effect in children
cognitive and physical development - poor remodeling of cartilage and bones - can see ‘lead lines’
blocks Ca metabolsim

burtonian line

seen in the gums of people with lead poisoning - blue line due to deposition of lead sulfate

mercury

source : contaiminated fish , old dental amalgams
effect: tremors, confusion, mental retardation
binds to sulfhydral groups in some proteins - especially CNS and kidney

arsenic

chemical/heavy metal source is soil, water, wood, herbicides
effects: acute GI, cardio vascular and CNS damage, hyperpigmentation and hyperkeratosis - lung and bladder cancers

inhibits mitochondria function

cadmium

chemical - heavy metal
sources - from batteries –>Into water, soil, food?
effect: obstructive lung disease, kidney damage, lung cancer

uranium mind?

potential for development of radon poisoning later

radon is a derivative of uranium

volatile organic compounds

chloroform, carbon tetrachloride (degreasing agents), benzene, and 1-3 butadine used in manufacturing of plastics, lubricants, rubbers, and dies

can enter through the lung

chloroform, carbon tetrachlorate, benzene, and 1,3 - butadine are what

volatile organic compounds - mainly enter through the lung

occupational/consumer manufactired products

``` PCB;s Vinyl chloride Phthalate BPA mainly enter through skin, GI, or respiratory tract ```

characteristic manifestation from exposure to organochlorines

acne -like eruption with cysts, hyperpigmentation, and hyperkeratosis called CHLORACNE these are from things like PCB, dioxin, and DDT

Bisphenol A - BPA

estrogen mimic? | cause cancer- proliferative effect

Nicotine

alkaloid - organic nitrogen containing base and binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain which will release catecholamines and increase HR, BP, and CO other components like toxins and formaldehyde can lead to arthrosclerosis -->ischemia--> myocardial infarct

smoking - what is the inflammatory response?

recruit neutrophiles and elastaces --> destroy the elastin and alveolar wall --> enlarged air spaces--> emphysema and COPD

alcohol metabolism

through cytosolic alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) which decreases NAD and generates a toxic acetylaldehyde

acetylaldehyde

this is a carcinogen and interfers with DNA replication and repair

depletion of NAD?

Fatty deposits in the liver because the liver uses the NAD for fatty acid oxidation, therefore its depletion results in accumulation of fatty acids

NAD is used up for what when abusing alcohol?

used by the mitochindria to convert the acetylhyde into acetic acid and uses ALDH to do so

slower ALDH?

slower removal of toxicity generated from alcohol

abrasion

scraping/rubbing is an injury that removes the superficial layer of the skin

contusion

bruise from blunt object - shows extravasation of blood into tissue

laceration

tear or disruptive stretching from a blunt object BLOOD VESSELS ARE INTACT BRIDGING

incised wound

from a sharp object - has severed bridging blood vessels (in contrast to incised wound)

puncture

wound -pierced tissue from penetration of a long and narrow sharp object / or perforating if an exit wound is also formed

full thickness burns

arent painful becuase kill nerve endings and kill the epidermis and dermis

Heat exhaustion

caused by hypovelemia by dehydration- most common of hyperthermia characteristic

hyperthermia and hypothermia temperature

hyper - body above 40 - 104 (prolonged core temp) hypo milkd: 32-35 90/95 moderate 28-32/82-90 severe below 28/below 82 -->slow breathing and unconsciousness