Breast and Prostate Cancer

Question 1

Fibrocystic changes

Answer 1

account for about 40% of breast cancers

start from a cyst and if ruptured can leak contents

Question 2

Fibroadenoma

Answer 2

well circumscribed benign tumor occurring primarily in young woman and is the most common type of benign tumor found in the breast.
do not confer a risk of malignancy
arise from intralobular stroma
composed of benign glands and expanded benign stroma
can be solitary or multiple/bilateral

Question 3

Phyllodes Tumor

Answer 3

Benign tumor of breast
may be benign (or locally aggressive)
composed og benign glands deformed by the presence of atypical and proliferative malignant stroma

benign tumor of stroma *

Question 4

Intraductal Papillomas

Answer 4

most common cause of bloody discharge from the nipple.

benign tumor of the ductal epithelial cells by hyperplasia

Question 5

facts about carcinoma of the breast

Answer 5

leading cause of death behind lung cancer for women
most common cancer in women behind skin cancer
25% of those diagnosed with disease die from it

Question 6

in situ definition

Answer 6

the basement membrane has NOT been evaded and survival rate is much greater

Question 7

most common malignant breast cancer

Answer 7

invasive ductal carcinoma (infiltrating)

Question 8

Intraductal carcinoma

Answer 8

in situ dictal carcinoma of the breast

malignant - but myoepithelial cell layer is still in tact - basement membrane HAS NOT been evaded

Question 9

comedocarcinoma

Answer 9

necrosis involved with the ductal in situ

Question 10

invasive (infiltrating) ductal carcinoma

Answer 10

most common form of breast carcinoma
desmoplastic reaction - growth of fibrous tissue and schirrhous carcinoma - calcification
NOT WELL CIRCUMSCRIBED –> LOSS OF THE MYOEPITHELIAL LAYER OF CELLS AROUND THE DUCTS ARE LOST

Question 11

forms of malignant lobular carcinomas

Answer 11

lobular carcinoma in situ - approximately 30% of patients with LCIS go on to develop invasive carcinoma that can be lobular or ductal and or in the same/contralateral breast
invasive lobular carcinoma

Question 12

which has a greater impact on the prognosis of a tumor: stage or grade?

Answer 12

STAGE - as it assesses any metastases

Question 13

tomexifin

Answer 13

anti estrogen - form of hormone therapy

Question 14

heptacin

Answer 14

form of tumor therapy - against the HER2 receptors

inhibit the proliferation of human tumor cells that overexpress the HER2/neu gene

Question 15

types of lesions in prostate pathology

Answer 15

inflammatory
nodular hyperplasia
carcinoma

Question 16

BPH

Answer 16

benign prostatic hyperplasia occuring most in the peri-urethral zone =TRANSITIONAL ZONE
occuring in about 90% of men over the age of 50
BENIGN PROLIFERATION OF BOTH STROMAL AND EPITHELIAL ELEMENTS

Question 17

T/F prostate carcinoma is incidentally found in 50% of men older than 50

Answer 17

TRUE

Question 18

where do the prostate carcinomas occur

Answer 18

in the periphery (unlike BPH) and thus may not cause symptoms (in the posterior region)
LOSS OF THE OUTER CELL LAYER (BASAL CELLS) and thus grow haphazardly
usually normal glands have two layers of cells - outer basal and inner columnar cells

Question 19

clinical features of prostate carcinoma

Answer 19

often asymptamatic and metastasis is often first ign of symptoms
upon physical exam the prostate will be hard and fixed
ELEVATION OF SERUM PSA (prostate specific antigen)

Question 20

PSA

Answer 20

Prostate Serum Antigen
enzyme that is produced by normal and neoplastic prostates –> specific to prostate but not prostate carcinoma
FUNCITONS TO INCREASE SPERM MOTILITY - ANY DISEASE IN PROSTATE CAN INCREASE SERUM LEVELS
NOT CANCER SPECIFIC
HELPFUL IN MONITORING LEVELS IN TREATMENT

Question 21

two general forms of prostatic adenocarcinomas

Answer 21

1- typical lethal form associated with local invasion and metastasis
2- laten form often found incidentially in prostates removed for BPH or at autopsy

Question 22

what do you use in conjuction with PSA testing?

Answer 22

digital rectal exam
ultrasounds
biopsy

Question 23

localized treatment with associated grade

Answer 23

likely stage I or II - confined to prostate and can surgically excise or radiation therapy

Question 24

treatment for advanced carcinoma

Answer 24

likely stage III or IV - can have extra prostatic extension or metastasis

• HORMONAL THERAPY AND ANDROGEN AND ESTROGEN BLOCKADE