Breast and Prostate Cancer Flashcards
Fibrocystic changes
account for about 40% of breast cancers
start from a cyst and if ruptured can leak contents
Fibroadenoma
well circumscribed benign tumor occurring primarily in young woman and is the most common type of benign tumor found in the breast.
do not confer a risk of malignancy
arise from intralobular stroma
composed of benign glands and expanded benign stroma
can be solitary or multiple/bilateral
Phyllodes Tumor
Benign tumor of breast
may be benign (or locally aggressive)
composed og benign glands deformed by the presence of atypical and proliferative malignant stroma
benign tumor of stroma *
Intraductal Papillomas
most common cause of bloody discharge from the nipple.
benign tumor of the ductal epithelial cells by hyperplasia
facts about carcinoma of the breast
leading cause of death behind lung cancer for women
most common cancer in women behind skin cancer
25% of those diagnosed with disease die from it
in situ definition
the basement membrane has NOT been evaded and survival rate is much greater
most common malignant breast cancer
invasive ductal carcinoma (infiltrating)
Intraductal carcinoma
in situ dictal carcinoma of the breast
malignant - but myoepithelial cell layer is still in tact - basement membrane HAS NOT been evaded
comedocarcinoma
necrosis involved with the ductal in situ
invasive (infiltrating) ductal carcinoma
most common form of breast carcinoma
desmoplastic reaction - growth of fibrous tissue and schirrhous carcinoma - calcification
NOT WELL CIRCUMSCRIBED –> LOSS OF THE MYOEPITHELIAL LAYER OF CELLS AROUND THE DUCTS ARE LOST
forms of malignant lobular carcinomas
lobular carcinoma in situ - approximately 30% of patients with LCIS go on to develop invasive carcinoma that can be lobular or ductal and or in the same/contralateral breast
invasive lobular carcinoma
which has a greater impact on the prognosis of a tumor: stage or grade?
STAGE - as it assesses any metastases
tomexifin
anti estrogen - form of hormone therapy
heptacin
form of tumor therapy - against the HER2 receptors
inhibit the proliferation of human tumor cells that overexpress the HER2/neu gene
types of lesions in prostate pathology
inflammatory
nodular hyperplasia
carcinoma
BPH
benign prostatic hyperplasia occuring most in the peri-urethral zone =TRANSITIONAL ZONE
occuring in about 90% of men over the age of 50
BENIGN PROLIFERATION OF BOTH STROMAL AND EPITHELIAL ELEMENTS
T/F prostate carcinoma is incidentally found in 50% of men older than 50
TRUE
where do the prostate carcinomas occur
in the periphery (unlike BPH) and thus may not cause symptoms (in the posterior region)
LOSS OF THE OUTER CELL LAYER (BASAL CELLS) and thus grow haphazardly
usually normal glands have two layers of cells - outer basal and inner columnar cells
clinical features of prostate carcinoma
often asymptamatic and metastasis is often first ign of symptoms
upon physical exam the prostate will be hard and fixed
ELEVATION OF SERUM PSA (prostate specific antigen)
PSA
Prostate Serum Antigen
enzyme that is produced by normal and neoplastic prostates –> specific to prostate but not prostate carcinoma
FUNCITONS TO INCREASE SPERM MOTILITY - ANY DISEASE IN PROSTATE CAN INCREASE SERUM LEVELS
NOT CANCER SPECIFIC
HELPFUL IN MONITORING LEVELS IN TREATMENT
two general forms of prostatic adenocarcinomas
1- typical lethal form associated with local invasion and metastasis
2- laten form often found incidentially in prostates removed for BPH or at autopsy
what do you use in conjuction with PSA testing?
digital rectal exam
ultrasounds
biopsy
localized treatment with associated grade
likely stage I or II - confined to prostate and can surgically excise or radiation therapy
treatment for advanced carcinoma
likely stage III or IV - can have extra prostatic extension or metastasis
- HORMONAL THERAPY AND ANDROGEN AND ESTROGEN BLOCKADE
