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Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Neoplastic progression

A 
Evasion of apoptosis
Growth signs self-sufficiency
Anti-growth signal insensitivity
Sustained angiogenesis
Limitless replicative potential
Tissue invasion
Metastasis
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2
Q

P-glycoprotein

A

AKA mutlidrug resistant protein 1

Expressed by some cancer cells to pump out toxins, including chemotherapeutic agents

One mechanism of decreased responsiveness or resistance to chemotherapy over time

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3
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Reversible

Increase in number of cells

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4
Q

Metaplasia

A

Reversible

One adult cell type is replaced by another

Often 2ndary to irritation (Barret esophagus) and/or environmental exposure (smoking)

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5
Q

Dysplasia

A

Reversible

Abnormal growth with loss of cellular orientation, shape, and size in comparison to normal tissue maturation

Commonly preneoplastic

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6
Q

Anaplasia

A

Irreversible

Loss of structural differentiation and function of cells, resembling primitive cells of same tissue

Often equated w/ undifferentiated malignant neoplasm

May see “giant cells” w/ single large nucleus or several nuclei

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7
Q

Neoplasia

A

Irreversible

A clonal proliferation of cells that is uncontrolled and excessive

Can be benign or malignant

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8
Q

Desmoplasia

A

Fibrous tissue formation in response to neoplasm

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9
Q

Carcinoma

A

Epithelial origin

Most spread lymphatically, except renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and follicular carcinoma

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10
Q

Sarcoma

A

Mesenchymal origin

Most spread hematogenously

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11
Q

Benign tumor

A

Usually well differentiated, low mitotic activity, well demarcated, no metastasis, no necrosis

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12
Q

Malignant tumor

A

May be poorly differentiated, erratic growth, locally invasive/diffuse, may metastasize, decreased apoptosis (often due to up regulation of telomerase preventing shortening of cell death)

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13
Q

Cachexia

A

Weight loss, muscle atrophy, and fatigue that occur in chronic disease

Mediated by TNFalpha, IFNgamma, and IL6

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14
Q

BCR-ABL

A

Oncogene, CML, ALL, tyrosine kinase

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15
Q

Bcl-2

A

Oncogene, follicular and undifferentiated lymphomas, anti-apoptotic

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16
Q

BRAF

A

Oncogene, melanoma, serine kinase

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17
Q

c-kit

A

Oncogene, Gastrointesintal stromal tumor (GIST), cytosine receptor

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18
Q

Oncogene

A

Gain of function leads to increased cancer risk

Need damage only 1 allele

19
Q

Tumor suppressor gene

A

Loss of function leads to increased cancer risk

Needs to knock out both alleles for expression of disease

20
Q

HER2

A

Oncogene, breast/ovarian/gastric carcinoma, tyrosine kinase

21
Q

ras

A

Oncogene, colon cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, GTPase

22
Q

ret

A

Oncogene, MEN 2A and 2B, tyrosine kinase

23
Q

APC

A

Tumor suppressor gene (TSG), colorectal cancer

24
Q

BRCA1/BRACA2

A

TSG, breast/ovarian cancer, DNA repair

25
p16
TSG, melanoma, CDK inhibitor
26
p53
TSG, most human cancers, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, blocks G1-S
27
TSC1/TSC2
TSG, tuberous sclerosis, tuberin protein
28
Rb
TSG, retinoblastoma, blocks G1-S
29
VHL
TSG, von Hippel-Lindau disease
30
WT1/WT2
Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma)
31
Alk Phos
Paget disease, metastasis to bone
32
AFP
Hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatoblastoma, testicular cancer
33
BetaHCG
Hydatidiform moles, testicular cancer
34
CA 15
Breast cancer
35
CA 19
Pancreatic cancer
36
CA 125
Ovarian cancer
37
Calcitonin
Medullary thyroid carcinoma
38
CEA
Colorectal and pancreatic cancers
39
PSA
Prostate cancer
40
S-100
Melanomas, neural tumors, schwannomas
41
TRAP (tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase)
B cell lymphoma
42
Paraneoplastic syndromes
Disease or symptom that is consequence of cancer other than mass effect 1,25OH-D: hypercalcemia, Hodgkin lymphoma ACTH: Cushing syndrome, small cell lung carcinoma ADH: SIADH, small cell lung carcinoma Antibodies against presynaptic Ca2+ channels at NMJ: Lambert-Eaton, small cell lung carcinoma Erythropoietin: polycythemia, renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, thymoma, pheochromocytoma PTHrP: hypercalcemia, squamous cell lung carcinoma, breast cancer
43
Psammoma bodies
Laminated, concentric, calcified spherules ``` PSaMMoma bodies are seen: Papillary carcinoma of thyroid Serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of ovary Meningioma Malignant mesothelioma ```
44
Common metastases
Brain: lung>breast>GU>osteosarcoma>melanoma>GI, 50% of brain tumors are metastases Liver: colon>stomach>pancreas, liver and lung are the most common sites of metastasis after lymph nodes Bone: prostate, breast > lung>thyroid, bone metastases are much more common than primary bone tumors

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