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Step1 > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Neoplastic progression

A 
Evasion of apoptosis
Growth signs self-sufficiency
Anti-growth signal insensitivity
Sustained angiogenesis
Limitless replicative potential
Tissue invasion
Metastasis
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2
Q

P-glycoprotein

A

AKA mutlidrug resistant protein 1

Expressed by some cancer cells to pump out toxins, including chemotherapeutic agents

One mechanism of decreased responsiveness or resistance to chemotherapy over time

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3
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Reversible

Increase in number of cells

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4
Q

Metaplasia

A

Reversible

One adult cell type is replaced by another

Often 2ndary to irritation (Barret esophagus) and/or environmental exposure (smoking)

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5
Q

Dysplasia

A

Reversible

Abnormal growth with loss of cellular orientation, shape, and size in comparison to normal tissue maturation

Commonly preneoplastic

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6
Q

Anaplasia

A

Irreversible

Loss of structural differentiation and function of cells, resembling primitive cells of same tissue

Often equated w/ undifferentiated malignant neoplasm

May see “giant cells” w/ single large nucleus or several nuclei

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7
Q

Neoplasia

A

Irreversible

A clonal proliferation of cells that is uncontrolled and excessive

Can be benign or malignant

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8
Q

Desmoplasia

A

Fibrous tissue formation in response to neoplasm

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9
Q

Carcinoma

A

Epithelial origin

Most spread lymphatically, except renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and follicular carcinoma

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10
Q

Sarcoma

A

Mesenchymal origin

Most spread hematogenously

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11
Q

Benign tumor

A

Usually well differentiated, low mitotic activity, well demarcated, no metastasis, no necrosis

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12
Q

Malignant tumor

A

May be poorly differentiated, erratic growth, locally invasive/diffuse, may metastasize, decreased apoptosis (often due to up regulation of telomerase preventing shortening of cell death)

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13
Q

Cachexia

A

Weight loss, muscle atrophy, and fatigue that occur in chronic disease

Mediated by TNFalpha, IFNgamma, and IL6

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14
Q

BCR-ABL

A

Oncogene, CML, ALL, tyrosine kinase

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15
Q

Bcl-2

A

Oncogene, follicular and undifferentiated lymphomas, anti-apoptotic

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16
Q

BRAF

A

Oncogene, melanoma, serine kinase

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17
Q

c-kit

A

Oncogene, Gastrointesintal stromal tumor (GIST), cytosine receptor

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18
Q

Oncogene

A

Gain of function leads to increased cancer risk

Need damage only 1 allele

19
Q

Tumor suppressor gene

A

Loss of function leads to increased cancer risk

Needs to knock out both alleles for expression of disease

20
Q

HER2

A

Oncogene, breast/ovarian/gastric carcinoma, tyrosine kinase

21
Q

ras

A

Oncogene, colon cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, GTPase

22
Q

ret

A

Oncogene, MEN 2A and 2B, tyrosine kinase

23
Q

APC

A

Tumor suppressor gene (TSG), colorectal cancer

24
Q

BRCA1/BRACA2

A

TSG, breast/ovarian cancer, DNA repair

25
Q

p16

A

TSG, melanoma, CDK inhibitor

26
Q

p53

A

TSG, most human cancers, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, blocks G1-S

27
Q

TSC1/TSC2

A

TSG, tuberous sclerosis, tuberin protein

28
Q

Rb

A

TSG, retinoblastoma, blocks G1-S

29
Q

VHL

A

TSG, von Hippel-Lindau disease

30
Q

WT1/WT2

A

Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma)

31
Q

Alk Phos

A

Paget disease, metastasis to bone

32
Q

AFP

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatoblastoma, testicular cancer

33
Q

BetaHCG

A

Hydatidiform moles, testicular cancer

34
Q

CA 15

A

Breast cancer

35
Q

CA 19

A

Pancreatic cancer

36
Q

CA 125

A

Ovarian cancer

37
Q

Calcitonin

A

Medullary thyroid carcinoma

38
Q

CEA

A

Colorectal and pancreatic cancers

39
Q

PSA

A

Prostate cancer

40
Q

S-100

A

Melanomas, neural tumors, schwannomas

41
Q

TRAP (tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase)

A

B cell lymphoma

42
Q

Paraneoplastic syndromes

A

Disease or symptom that is consequence of cancer other than mass effect

1,25OH-D: hypercalcemia, Hodgkin lymphoma

ACTH: Cushing syndrome, small cell lung carcinoma

ADH: SIADH, small cell lung carcinoma

Antibodies against presynaptic Ca2+ channels at NMJ: Lambert-Eaton, small cell lung carcinoma

Erythropoietin: polycythemia, renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, thymoma, pheochromocytoma

PTHrP: hypercalcemia, squamous cell lung carcinoma, breast cancer

43
Q

Psammoma bodies

A

Laminated, concentric, calcified spherules

PSaMMoma bodies are seen:
Papillary carcinoma of thyroid
Serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of ovary
Meningioma
Malignant mesothelioma
44
Q

Common metastases

A

Brain: lung>breast>GU>osteosarcoma>melanoma>GI, 50% of brain tumors are metastases

Liver: colon>stomach>pancreas, liver and lung are the most common sites of metastasis after lymph nodes

Bone: prostate, breast > lung>thyroid, bone metastases are much more common than primary bone tumors

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