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Bacteriology Flashcards

1
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

Gives rigid support

Protects against osmotic pressure

Composed of sugar backbone with peptide side chains cross linked by transpeptidase

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2
Q

Cell wall

A

Gram positive organisms only

Major surface antigen

Peptidoglycan for support

Lipoteichoic acid within induces TNF and IL-1

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3
Q

Outer membrane

A

Gram negative organisms only

Major surface antigen

Site of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide LPS)

Contains lipid A, which induces TNF and IL-1

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4
Q

Periplasm

A

Space between the cytoplasmic membrane and the outer membrane in gram-negative bacteria

Contains many hydrolytic enzymes including beta lactamases

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5
Q

Capsule

A

Protects against phagocytosis

Contains polysaccharide or D-glutamate in Bacilius anthracis

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6
Q

Pilus/fimbria

A

Mediate adherence of bacteria to cell surface

Sex pills forms attachment between 2 bacteria during conjugation

Contains glycoprotein

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7
Q

Spore

A

Resistent to dehydration, heat, and chemicals

Contains keratin-like coat, dipicolinic acid, and peptidoglycan

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8
Q

Plasmid

A

Contains a variety of genes for antibiotic resistance, enzymes, and toxins

Contains dsDNA

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9
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Mediates adherence to surfaces, especially foreign bodies such as indwelling catheters

Contains polysaccharides

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10
Q

Gram stain

A

Gram positive: purple/blue

Gram negative: red/pink

Limitations:
These Microbes May Lack Real Color
Treponema: too thin 
Mycobacteria: high lipid content
Mycoplasma: no cell wall
Legionella: intracellar
Rickettsia: intracellar
Chlamydia: intracellar
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11
Q

Giesma stain

A

Certain Bugs Really Try my Patience

Chlamydia
Borrelia
Rickettsiae
Trypansomes
Plasmodium
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12
Q

PAS stain

A

Stains glycogen, mucopolysaccharides

Used to diagnose Whipple’s disease (Troperyma whipplei)

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13
Q

Ziehl-Nellsen stain

A

Acid fast stain

Norcadia, Myobacterium

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14
Q

India ink stain

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

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15
Q

Silver stain

A

Fungi (pneumocystis)
Legionella
Helicbacter pylori

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16
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

Use an O2 dependent system to generate ATP

Nagging Pests Must Breathe
Nocardia
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
MycoBacterium tuberculosis

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17
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Lack catalase and/or superoxide dismutase and are thus susceptible to oxidative damage

Generally foul smelling, difficult to culture, and produce gas in tissue (CO2 and H2)

Anaerobes Cant Breath Air
Clostridum
Bacteriodes
Actinomyces

Anaerobes are normal flora in GI tract but pathogenic every where else

AminOglycosides are ineffective against anaerobes because these antibiotics require O2 to enter ingot he bacterial cells

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18
Q

Obligate intracellular bugs

A

Cannot make own ATP

Stay inside when it is Really Cold
Rickettsia
Chlamydia

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19
Q

Facultative intracellular

A 
Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLY
Salmonella
Neisseria
Brucella
Myobacterium
Listeria
Francisella
Legionella
Yersinia
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20
Q

Encapsulated bacteria

A

Capsules serve as an antiphagocytic virulence factor

Capsule + protein conjugate often serves as an antigen in vaccine

Often opsonized and then cleared by spleen, aslplenics have a decreased opsonizing ability and are at risk for severe infection by encapsulated organisms

SHiNE SKiS
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae type B
Neisseria menigitidis
Escherichia coli
Salmonella
Klebsiella pneumoniae
group B Strep
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21
Q

Catalase-positive organism

A

Catalase degrades H2O@ before it can be converted to microbicidal products by the enzyme myeloperoxidase

Patients with chronic granulomatous disease (NADPH oxidase deficiency) have recurrent infections with catalase positive organisms

You need PLACESS for your "cat"s
Pseudomonas
Listeria
Aspergillus
Candida
E. coli
S. aureus
Serratia
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22
Q

Urease-positive bugs

A

Can digest urea

CHuck norris hates PUNKSS
Cryptococcus
H. pylori
Proteus
Ureplasma
Nocardia
Klebsiella
S. epidermidis
S. saprophyticus
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23
Q

Pigment-producing organisms

A

Actinomyces israelii: produces yellow “sulfur” granules which are composed of filaments of bacteria: Israel has yellow sand

S. aureus: yellow pigment, aureus == gold (Latin)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa: blue/green pigment, Aeurgula is green

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24
Q

Protein A

A

Virulence factor

Binds Fc region (immunoglobulin region binding to cell surface receptors) of IgG

Prevents opsonizaiton (mark by antibody for ingestion) and phagocytosis

Ex: S. aureus

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25
Q

IgA protease

A

Virulence factor

Enzyme that cleaves IgA

Ex: S. pnemoniae, H. influenza B, Neisseria, (SHiN)

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26
Q

M protein

A

Virulence factor

Helps prevent phagocytosis

Ex: group A Strep

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27
Q

Exotoxin

A

Secreted by certain species of gram positive and gram negative bacteria

Composed of polypeptide

Genes located on plasmid or bacteriophage

High toxicity (fatal dose on the order of 1 microgram)

Induces high-titer antibodies called antitoxins

Toxoids can be used as vaccines

Heat unstable, destroyed at 60C, except for staph enterotoxin

Ex: tetanus, botulism, diphtheria

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28
Q

Endotoxin

A

Present on outer cell membrane of most gram negative organisms

Composed of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), structural part of bacteria when lysed

Genes located on bacterial chromosome

Low toxicity (fatal dose on the order of hundred of micrograms)

Clinically demonstrate fever, shock, DIC

Induces TNF, IL-1, and IL-6

Poorly antigenic and thus no vaccines available

Heat stable at 100C for 1 hr

Ex: menigococcemia, sepsis by gram-negative rods

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29
Q

Transformation

A

Ability to take up naked DNA (i.e. from cell lysis) from environment (also know as competence)

Feature of many bacteria especially SHiN (IgA protease +)

Any DNA can be used

Adding deoxyribonuclease to environment will degrade naked DNA and therefore preventing transformation

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30
Q

Conjugation

A

F+ x F-:
F+ plasmid contains genes required for sex pills and conjugation
Bacteria without this plasmid are termed F-
Plasmid (dsDNA) is replicated and transferred through pious from F+ cell to F- cell
No transfer of chromosomal genes

Hfr x F-:
F+ plasmid can become incorporated into bacterial chromosomal DNA, termed high frequency recombination cell
Replication of incorporated plasmid DNA may include some flanking chromosomal DNA
Transfer of plasmid AND chromosomal DNA

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31
Q

Transduction

A

Generalized:
A “packaging” event
Lytic phages infect bacterium, leading to cleavage of bacterial DNA
Parts of bacterial DNA may become packaged in viral capsid and phage subsequently infect another bacterium and transfer these bacterial genes

Specialized:
An “excision” event
Lysogenic phage infects bacterium
Viral DNA becomes incorporated into bacterial DNA
When phage DNA is excised, flanking bacterial gene may be excised as well
Bacterial DNA then packaged into phage capsid and phage infects new bacterium after lytic cycle

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32
Q

Novobiocin

A

On the office’s “staph” retreat, there was NO StRESs

S.saprophyticus is resistant to novobiocin while S.epidermidis is sensitive

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33
Q

Optochin

A

OVRPS(overpass)

S.viridin is resistant to optochin while S.pneumoniae is sensitive

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34
Q

Bacitracin

A

B-BRAS

Group B strep is resistant to bacitracin while group A strep is sensitive

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35
Q

Alpha hemolytic

A

Partial hemolysis: green appearance in blood culture

S.pneumoniae, S.viridin

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36
Q

Beta hemolytic

A

Complete hemolysis: clear appearance in blood culture

S. aureus, S. pyogens (GAS), S agalciae (GBS), Listeria

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37
Q

Gamma hemolytic

A

No hemolysis: no change

Enterococcus, group D strep

38
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

A

Gram-positive cocci in Clusters

Protein A producing (binds Fc-IgG), inhibiting complement activation and phagocytosis

Causes:
Inflammatory disease: skin infections, organ abscesses, pneumonia (often after influenza virus), endocarditis, and osteomyelitis
Toxin mediated disease: toxic shock syndrome (TSST, superantigen that binds to MHC II and T-cell receptor, resulting in polyclonal T cell activation and presents as fever, vomitting, and eventually shock and end organ failure), rapid onset food poisoning (due to ingestion of preformed toxin not destroyed by cooking)
MRSA: nosocomial and community acquire infections

39
Q

Staphylococcus epidermidis

A

Gram positive cocci

Infects prosthetic devices and intravenous catheters by producing biofilms

Component of normal skin flora

Contaminates blood cultures

40
Q

Staphylcoccus saprophyticus

A

Gram positive cocci

Second most common cause of uncomplicated UIT in young women

41
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

Gram positive, lancet shaped diploccoci

Most common cause of MOPS
Meningitis, Otitis media (children), Pnemonia, Sinusitis

42
Q

Strepcocci viridins (s. mutans, s.sanguinis)

A

Gram positive

Normal flora of the oropharynx and cause dental caries (mutans) and subactue bacterial endocarditis at damaged valves (sanguinis)

43
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS)

A

Gram positive

Secrete streptolysin O, a protein that degrades cell membranes that leads to lyses of RBCs

Secrete exotoxin A that bring MHCII and TCR in proximity outside of antigen binding site to cause overwhelming release of IFN and IL and leave to toxic shock syndrome (fever, rash, shock)

Causes:
Pyogenic: pharyngitis, cellulitis, impetigo
Toxigenic: scarlet fever, toxic shock-like syndrome, NEC
Immunologic: rheumatic fever, acute glomerulonephritis

Antibodies against toxins (ASO) titer detects recent S. progenies infection for rheumatic fever

JONES criteria for rheumatic fever
Joints: polyarthritis
Oheart: carditis
Nodules: subcutaneous
Erythema marginatum (pink rings on trunk and inner surfaces of limbs)
Sydenham chorea (movement disorder)
44
Q

Streptococcus agalacitae (GBS)

A

Gram positive

Group B for Babies

Mostly colonizes vagina

Causes meningitis, pnemonia, and sepsis

Screen pregnant women at 35-37 weeks and treat patients with positive results w/ intrapartum penicillin prophylaxis

45
Q

Enterococci (GDS)

A

Gram positive

Normal colonic flora that are penicillin G resistant and causes UIT, biliary tract infection, and subacute endocarditis (usually following GI/GU procedures)

VRE (vancomycin resistant enterococci) are an important cause of nosocomial infection

46
Q

Streptococcus bovis

A

Gram positive

Colonizes the gut

Can cause bacteremia and subacute endocarditis in colon cancer patients

47
Q

Corynebacterium diphtheria

A

Gram positive rods w/ metachromatic granules

Causes diphtheria via exotoxin encoded by beta-prophage
Diphtheria toxin inactivate elongation factor 2 and can lead to pharyngitis with pseudomembranes in throat and severe lymphadenopathy (bull neck)

Toxoid vaccine prevents diphtheria

48
Q

Clostridia tetani

A

Gram positive spore forming

Produces tetanospasmin, an exotoxin causing tetanus.

Toxin is a protease that cleaves releasing proteins for neurotransmitters (SNARE) and subsequently blocks GABA release from Renshaw cells in spinal cord, causing spastic paralysis

49
Q

Clostridia botulinum

A

Gram positive spore forming

Produces a preformed, heat labile toxin that inhibits ACh release at the neuromuscular junction by cleaving SNARE, causing botulism

In adults, disease is caused by ingestion of preformed toxin

In babies ingestion of spores in honey causes disease –> floppy babe syndrome (floppy paralysis)

50
Q

Clostridia perfringens

A

Gram positive spore forming

Produces alpha toxin, a phosphlipase that degrades tissue and cell membranes, leading to myonecrosis (necrosis of muscle), gas gangrene, and hemolysis

51
Q

Clostridia difficile

A

Gram positive spore forming

Produce 2 toxins

Toxin A, binds to the brush border of the gut

Toxin B, cytotoxin, causes cytoskeletal disruption via actin depolymerization

Often 2ndary to antibiotic use, especially clindamycin or ampicillin

Diagnosed by detection of one or both toxins in stool

Treatment: metronidazole or oral vancomycin. Fecal transplant for recurring cases

52
Q

Bacillus anthracis

A

Gram positive spore forming

Only bacterium with a polypeptide capsule (D-glutamate)

Produce toxin anthrax that mimics adenylate cyclase

Cutaneous anthrax:
Boil like lesions, ulcer with black eschar (painless, necrotic) with surround edema, uncommonly progress to bacteremia and death

Pulmonary anthrax:
Inhalation of spores, flu like symptoms that rapidly progresses to fever, pulmonary hemorrhage, mediastinitis, and shock

53
Q

Woolsorter’s disease

A

Inhalation of anthrax spores from contaminated wool

54
Q

Bacillus cereus

A

Gram positive spore producing

Causes food poisoning as spore survives cooking and enterotoxin formation occurs–> reheated rice syndrome

55
Q

Listeria monocytogenes

A

Gram positive

Only gram positive organism to produce LPS

Acquired by ingestion of unpasteurized dairy products and deli meats, via transplacental transmission, or by vaginal transmission during birth

Can cause amnionitis, septicemia, and spontaneous abortion in pregnant women

Can cause granulomatosis, neonatal meningitis, meningitis in immunocompromised patients

Treatment: ampicilin in infants and immunocompromised patients

56
Q

Actinomyces

A

Gram positive anaerobe forming long branching filaments resembling fungi

Not acid fast

Normal oral flora

Causes oral/facial abscesses that drain through sinus tracts, forms yellow “sulfur” granules

Treat with penicillin

57
Q

Norcardia

A

Gram positive anaerobe forming long branching filaments

Weakly acid fast

Found in soil

Causes pulmonary infections in immunocompromised and cutaneous infections after trauma in immunocompetent

Treat w/ sulfonamides

58
Q

Myobacterium tuberculosis

A

Acid fast

Resistant to multiple drugs

TB symptoms include fever, night sweats, weight loss, and hemoptysis

Cord factor in virulent strains inhibits macrophage maturation and induces release of TNFalpha

Sulfatides (surface glycolipids) inhibit phagolysosomal fusion

Primary TB:
Infection –> nonimmue host (usually children) –> TB resides in hilar nodes –> heals by fibrosis, progressive lung disease, severe bacteremia, and/or pre allergic lymphatic or hematogenous dissemination –> dormant tubercle bacilli in several organs –> extra pulmonary TB (CNS meningitis, vertebral Pott disease)

Secondary TB:
Infection –> partially immune hyper sensitized host (usually adult) –> reinfection/2ndary TB –> fibrocaseous cavitary lesions (usually upper lobes) –> reactivation of TB in lung –> extra pulmonary TB

59
Q

Myobacterium avium

A

Acid fast

Causes disseminated non-TB disease in AIDS, often resistant to multiple drugs

Prophylactic treatment w/ azithromycin

60
Q

Myobacterium leprae

A

Acid fast

Causes leprosy/Hensen disease, reservoir in US in armadillos

Lepromatous form: presents diffusely over the skin, with leonine (lion-like) facies and ins communicable, characterized by low cell-mediated immunity with a humoral Th2 response, “glove and stocking” loss of sensation due to skin and superficial nerve infection

Tuberculoid form: limited to a few hypoestehtic, hairless skin plaques, characterized by high cell-mediated immunity with a largely Th1 type immune response

Treatment: multiple drug therapy consisting of dapsone and rifampin for 6 months for tuberculoid form, dapsone and rifampine for 2-5 years for lepromatous form

61
Q

Neisseria gonococci

A

Gram negative diplococci, ferment glucose

No polysaccharid capsule

No maltose fermentation

No vaccine (due to rapid antigenic variation of pilus proteins)

Sexually transmitted

Causes gonorrhea, septic arthritis, neonatal conjunctivitis, PID, and Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome (complication of PID w. RUQ 2ndary to referred pain)

Condoms prevent sexual transmission

Erythromycin ointment prevents neonatal transmission

Treatment: ceftriaxone + azithromycin or doxycyclin for possible co-infection w/ chlamydia

62
Q

Neisseria Meningococci

A

Gram negative diplococci, ferment glucose

Polysaccharid capsule

Maltose fermentation

Vaccine available (not for type B)

Transmitted through respiratory and oral secretions

Causes menigococcemia and meningitis, Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome (adrenal failure due to hemorrhage)

Prevention w/ rifampin, ciprofloxain, or ceftriaxone for close contacts

Treatment w/ ceftriaxone or penicillin G

63
Q

Haemophilus influenzae

A

Gram negative, small rod

Aerosol transmission

Most invasive disease caused by capsular type B

Nontypable strains cause mucosal infections (otitis media, conjunctivitis, bronchitis)

Culture on chocolate agar requires factor V (NAD+) and X (hematin) for growth

HaEMOPhilus causes:
Epiglottis (cherry red in children)
Meningitis 
Otitis Media
Pnemonia

Dose not cause flu

Treat mucosal infection w/ amoxicillin or augmenting

Treat meningitis w/ ceftriaxone

Rifampin prophylaxis in close contacts

64
Q

Legionella pneumophila

A

Gram negative rod

Gram stains poorly, use silver stain

Grow on charcoal yeast extract culture w/ iron and cysteine

Detected clinically by presence of antigen in urine

Aerosol transmission from environmental water source (air conditioning, hot water tanks)

Labs often show hyponatremia

Treat w/ macrolide or quinolone

Causes Legionnaires’ disease and Pontiac fever

65
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

Gram negative rod

Blue green pigment w grape like odor

Produces exotoxin A, which inactivates EF2 and leads to host cell death

PSEUDOmonas associated with would and burn infections,
Pneumonia
Sepsis
External otitis (swimmer's ear)
UTI
Drug use
Diabetic Osteomyolitis

Chronic pneumonia caused by pseudomonas in cystic fibrosis patients is associated w/ biofilms

66
Q

Ecthyma gangreosum

A

Caused by pseudonomas

Rapidly progressive, necrotic cutaneous lesions

Typically seen in immunocompromised patients

Treatment: amioglycosides + piperacillin

67
Q

Enteroinvasive E. coli EIEC

A

Gram negative

Microbe invade intestinal mucosa and causes necrosis and inflammation, leading to dysentery (diarrhea w/ blood)

Clinical manifestation similar to shigella

68
Q

Enterotoxigenic E. coli ETEC

A

Gram negative

Produces heat-labile (overactive adenylate cyclase, increased secretion) and heat-stable (overactive guanylate cyclase, decreased resorption) enterotoxins
No inflammation or invasion

Causes traveler’s diarrhea (watery)

69
Q

Enteropathogenic E. coli EPEC

A

Gram negative

No toxins produced

Adheres to apical surface, flattens villi, prevents absorption

Causes pediatric diarrhea

70
Q

Enterohemorrhagic E. coli EHEC

A

Gram positive

O157:H7 most common serotype

Produces shiga-like toxin (SLT) that inactivates 60S ribosome by removing adenine from rRNA. SLT also enhances cytokine release, causing HUS (triad of anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure due to micro thrombi formed on endothelium damaged by toxin)

Unlike shigella, EHEC does not invade host cells

71
Q

Klebsiella

A

Gram negative

Intestinal flora that causes 4As
Aspiration pneumonia in Alcholics and diabetics leading to Abscess in lungs and liver

Also causes nosocomial UTIs

Very mucoid colonies w/ red “currant jelly” sputum

72
Q

Salmonella

A

Gram negative

Have flagella (salmon swim)

Can disseminate hematogenously

Have many animal reservoirs

Produce hydrogen sulfide

Antibiotics may prolong fecal excretion of organism

Invade intestinal mucosa and causes a monocytic response

Can cause bloody diarrhea

Does not ferment lactose

73
Q

Shigella

A

Gram negative

Produces shiga toxin (ST), which inactivate 60s ribosome by removing adenine from rRNA, leading to GI mucosal damage and dysentary, ST also enhances cytokine release leading to HUS

No flagella

Cell to cell transmission; no heamtogenous spread

Only reservoirs are humans and primates

Does not produce hydrogen sulfide

Antibiotics shorten duration of fecal excretion of organisms

Invades intestinal mucosa and causes PMN infiltration

Often causes bloody diarrhea

Does not ferment lactose

74
Q

Salmonella typhi

A

Gram negative

Causes typhoid fever

Found only in human

Characterized by rose spots on the abdomen, fever, headache, and diarrhea

Can remain in gallbladder and cause a carrier state

75
Q

Campylobacter jejuni

A

Gram negative, comma or S-shaped

Major cause of bloody diarrhea, especially in children

Fecal-oral transmission through food such as poultry, meat, and unpasteurized milk

Common antecedent to Guillina-Barre syndrome and reactive arthritis

76
Q

Virbrio cholerae

A

Gram negative, comma shaped

Produce profuse rice-water diarrhea via enterotoxin that permanently activates GCPR

Grows in alkaline media

Endemic to developing countries: Cholera

77
Q

Yershina enterocolitica

A

Gram negative

Usually transmitted from pet feces such as puppies, contaminated milk, or pork

Causes mesenteric adenines that can mimic Crohns or appendicitis

78
Q

Helicobacter pylori

A

Gram negative rod

Causes gastritis and peptic uclers (especial duodenal)

Risk factor for peptic ulcer, gastric adenocarcinoma, and lymphoma

Triple therapy: PPI + clarithromycin + amoxcilin/metronidazole

79
Q

Leptospira interrogans

A

Gram negative spirochetes

Found in water contaminated w/ animal urine

Causes leptospirosis: flu like symptoms, jaundice, photophobia with conjunctival erythema, prevalent in surfers

80
Q

Weil disease

A

Caused by leptospira, AKA icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis

Severe jaundice and azotemia from liver and kidney dysfunction, fever, hemorrhage, and anemia

81
Q

Borrelia burgdorferi

A

Gram negative spirochetes

Causes Lyme disease

Transmitted by the tick Ixodes, natural reservoir is the mouse

Common in northeastern US
Present as FAKE a key lyme pie
Facial nerve palsy (typically bilateral)
Arthritis
Kardiac block (AV nodal block)
Erythema migrans (targetoid)

Treatment: doxycycline, ceftriaxone in children

82
Q

Treponema palldium

A

Gram negative spirochetes

Visualized w/ dark-field microscopy

Primary syphilis:
Localized disease presenting w/ painless chancre

Secondary syphilis:
Disseminated disease w/ constitutional symptoms, maculopapular rash, condylomata lata

Tertiary syphilis:
Gummas (chornic granulomas), aortitis, neurosyphilis (tabes dorsalis, general paresis), Argryll Robertson pupil

Serologic testing: VDRL/RPR, confirm w/ FTA-ABS

Treatment: penicillin G

Congenital syphilis:
Saber shins, saddle nose, CN VIII deafness
To prevent, treat mother w/ penicillin G in first trimester

83
Q

Argyll Robertson pupil

A

Constricts w/ accommodation but is not reactive to light

“Prostitute pupil”: accommodates but does not react

84
Q

VDRL false positives

A

VDRL nonspecific

False positives:
Viruses (mononucelosis, hepatitis)
Drugs, 
Rheumatic fever
Lupus and leprosy
85
Q

Gardnerella Vaginalis

A

Gram negative, pleomorphic rod

Causes bacterial vaginitis
I don’t have a clue why i smell fish in the vagina garden

Gray discharge w/ fishy smell

Associated w/ bacterial overgrowth, sexual activity, but not transmitted sexually

Clue cells, or vaginal epithelial cells covered w/ bacteria are visible under microscope

Treatment: metronidazole or clindamycin

86
Q

Rickettsia rickettsii

A

Vector is tick

Causes Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, occurs mostly in South Atlantic states

Classic triad of headache, fever, and rash (typically start at wrists and ankles and then spread to trunk, palm, and soles

Treat w/ doxycycline

87
Q

Rickettsia typhi

A

Rash starts centrally and spreads out, sparing palm and soles

Treat w/ doxycycline

88
Q

Coxiella burnetti

A

No anthropoid vector

Tick feces and cattle placenta release spores that are inhaled as aerosols causing Q fever and presents as pneumonia

Q fever is Queer in it it has no rash or vector

Treat w/ doxycycline

89
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis

A

Gram negative

Cannot make own ATP, obligate intracellular organism causes mucosal infection in two forms:
Elementary body (small, dense), Reticulate body

Causes reactive arthritis (Reiter syndrome), follicular conjunctivitis (type ABC), nongonococcal urethritis, and PID (type D-K)

Cytoplasmic inclusions seen on Giemsa or fluorescent antibody stained smear

Treatment: azithromycin or doxycyclin

90
Q

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

A

No cell wall, not seen on gram stain

Atypical “walking” pneumonia (insidious onset, headache, nonproductive cough, patchy or diffuse interstitial infiltrate), more common in patients < 30 yrs old, frequent outbreaks in military recruits and prisions

Xray looks worse than patients

High titer of cold agglutinins (IgM)

Grow on Eaton agar

Treat w/ macrolide, doxycycline, or fluoroquinolone

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