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723: Pathophysiology > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

What is a neoplasm?

A

a new and abnormal growth of tissue in some part of the body, especially as a characteristic of cancer

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2
Q

What are the 2 components to normal tissue renewal and repair?

A
  • proliferation

- differentiation

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3
Q

Define proliferation

A

The process of cell division

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4
Q

Define differentiation

A

the process whereby cells become increasingly more specialized with each mitotic division

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5
Q

Define tumor

A

a mass of cells that arises because of overgrowth

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6
Q

What are the 2 classifications of neoplasms?

A

benign or malignant

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7
Q

Which form of neoplasm is more differentiated? What does this mean?

A

benign, which means they closely resemble their normal counterparts

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8
Q

Define Anaplasia

A

a change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other that is characterized by a loss of cell differentiation

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9
Q

What type of tumors are considered anaplastic?

A

malignant

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10
Q

What are the 2 main characteristics of cancer cells?

A
  • abnormal and rapid proliferation

- loss of differentiation so that they do not exhibit normal features and properties of differentiated cells

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11
Q

What are the 4 things you should look for in the histological examination of a tumor?

A
  • pleomorphism
  • a high nuclear to cytoplasm ratio
  • hyperchromasia
  • bizarre mitotic findings
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12
Q

What is pleomorphism?

A

variation in size and shape of both the cells and nuclei

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13
Q

What is hyperchromasia?

A

the dark staining nuclei which is usually due to increased DNA content

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14
Q

Define dysplasia

A

a loss in the uniformity of the individual cells and a loss in their architectural orientation

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15
Q

Does dysplasia automatically refer to cancer?

A

No

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16
Q

Where does dysplasia mainly occur?

A

in the epithelia

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17
Q

What is it called if dysplastic changes involve the entire thickness of the epithelium?

A

carcinoma in-situ

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18
Q

Define carcinoma in-situ

A

an intraepithelial malignancy in which malignant cells involve the entire thickness of the epithelium without penetration of the basement membrane

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19
Q

What are the 2 features of dysplasia?

A
  • Increased rate of multiplication

- Disordered maturation

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20
Q

What is the clinical significance of dysplasia?

A

it is a premalignant condition

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21
Q

The risk of invasive cancer varies according to what 3 things?

A
  • grade of dysplasia
  • duration of dysplasia
  • site of dysplasia
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22
Q

What are the 2 differences between dysphagia and cancer?

A
  • lack of invasiveness

- reversibility

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23
Q

_____ tumors grown slowly, whereas _____ tumors grow faster.

A

Benign

malignant

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24
Q

Slow growing benign tumors are affected by what 3 things?

A
  • blood supply
  • hormonal effects
  • location
25
Q

The rate of malignant tumor growth correlates with what?

A

the level of differentiation

26
Q

_____ tumors remain localized and cannot invade tissue because they are encapsulated.

A

Benign

27
Q

______ tumors invade and destroy nearby tissues because they are not encapsulated.

A

Malignant

28
Q

Define metastasis

A

the development of a secondary tumor in a location distant from the primary tumor

29
Q

Approximately __% patients present with clinically evident metastases

A

30%

30
Q

Generally, the more anaplastic and the larger the primary tumor, the ____ likely metastasis will occur.

A

more

31
Q

What are the 3 pathways through which metastasis can occur?

A
  • lymph channels (lymphatic spread)
  • blood vessels (hematogenous spread)
  • seeding of the body cavities
32
Q

A malignant tumor of epithelial tissue origin is called what?

A

carcinoma

33
Q

A malignant tumor of mesenchymal origin is called what?

A

sarcoma

34
Q

Lymphatic spread of metastasis favors what type of malignant tumors?

A

carcinomas

35
Q

Breast carcinoma spreads through ____ lymph nodes

A

axillary

36
Q

Lung carcinoma spreads through ____ lymph nodes

A

bronchial

37
Q

Hematogenous spread of metastasis favors what type of malignant tumors?

A

sarcomas (also used by carcinomas)

38
Q

Are arteries or veins most commonly invaded via hematogenous spread?

A

veins

39
Q

What are the 2 most frequently involved secondary metastasis sites following the hematogenous spread of tumors?

A

liver and lungs

40
Q

What is essential for planning preventative measures and developing screening methods for early diagnosis?

A

Epidemiology

41
Q

What cancer type has the highest incidence rate in men? In women?

A

prostate

breast

42
Q

What cancer type has the highest death rate in both genders?

A

lung and bronchus

43
Q

What 4 factors affect the incidence of cancer?

A
  • Geographic and environmental factors
  • Age
  • Heredity
  • Aquired preneoplastic disorders
44
Q

The rate of stomach carcinoma in Japan is _ times the rate in North America and Europe.

A

7

45
Q

Breast carcinoma is _ times higher in North America comparing to Japan

A

5

46
Q

Liver cell carcinoma is more common in what populations?

A

African

47
Q

What are 4 environmental factors that increase the risk of cancer?

A
  • asbestos
  • smoking
  • multiple sexual partners
  • fatty diets
48
Q

Mesothelioma is due to exposure to what?

A

asbestos

49
Q

Generally, the frequency of cancer _____ with age.

A

increases

50
Q

Most cancer mortality occurs between the ages of __-__

A

55-75

51
Q

What are the most common tumors in children?

A
  • leukemia
  • tumors of CNS
  • lymphomas
  • soft tissue and bone sarcomas
52
Q

Retinoblastoma is an inherited cancer syndrome in which __% is due to familial cause

A

40

53
Q

Carriers of the defective gene have a ______ fold increase in the risk of developing Retinoblastoma

A

10,000

54
Q

True or False

All common types of cancers (breast, colon, ovarian, brain)can occur in familial form

A

True

55
Q

What are the 3 unique features of familial cancers?

A
  • Start at early age
  • Multiple or bilateral
  • Two or more relatives
56
Q

What are 3 clinical conditions that predispose a person to cancer?

A
  • Dysplastic bronchial mucosa in smokers (leads to lung carcinoma)
  • Liver cirrhosis (leads to liver cell carcinoma)
  • Margins of chronic skin fistula (leads to squamous cell carcinoma)
57
Q

When grading cancers what do each of the following stand for?

T
N
M

A

T = tumor

N = nodes

M = metastases

58
Q

What does M0 mean?
What does M1 mean?
What does M2 mean?

A

No metastasis present
Metastasis present
Increased metastasis

723: Pathophysiology (13 decks)

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