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723: Pathophysiology > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

What is a neoplasm?

A

a new and abnormal growth of tissue in some part of the body, especially as a characteristic of cancer

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2
Q

What are the 2 components to normal tissue renewal and repair?

A
  • proliferation

- differentiation

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3
Q

Define proliferation

A

The process of cell division

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4
Q

Define differentiation

A

the process whereby cells become increasingly more specialized with each mitotic division

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5
Q

Define tumor

A

a mass of cells that arises because of overgrowth

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6
Q

What are the 2 classifications of neoplasms?

A

benign or malignant

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7
Q

Which form of neoplasm is more differentiated? What does this mean?

A

benign, which means they closely resemble their normal counterparts

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8
Q

Define Anaplasia

A

a change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other that is characterized by a loss of cell differentiation

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9
Q

What type of tumors are considered anaplastic?

A

malignant

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10
Q

What are the 2 main characteristics of cancer cells?

A
  • abnormal and rapid proliferation

- loss of differentiation so that they do not exhibit normal features and properties of differentiated cells

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11
Q

What are the 4 things you should look for in the histological examination of a tumor?

A
  • pleomorphism
  • a high nuclear to cytoplasm ratio
  • hyperchromasia
  • bizarre mitotic findings
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12
Q

What is pleomorphism?

A

variation in size and shape of both the cells and nuclei

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13
Q

What is hyperchromasia?

A

the dark staining nuclei which is usually due to increased DNA content

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14
Q

Define dysplasia

A

a loss in the uniformity of the individual cells and a loss in their architectural orientation

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15
Q

Does dysplasia automatically refer to cancer?

A

No

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16
Q

Where does dysplasia mainly occur?

A

in the epithelia

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17
Q

What is it called if dysplastic changes involve the entire thickness of the epithelium?

A

carcinoma in-situ

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18
Q

Define carcinoma in-situ

A

an intraepithelial malignancy in which malignant cells involve the entire thickness of the epithelium without penetration of the basement membrane

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19
Q

What are the 2 features of dysplasia?

A
  • Increased rate of multiplication

- Disordered maturation

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20
Q

What is the clinical significance of dysplasia?

A

it is a premalignant condition

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21
Q

The risk of invasive cancer varies according to what 3 things?

A
  • grade of dysplasia
  • duration of dysplasia
  • site of dysplasia
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22
Q

What are the 2 differences between dysphagia and cancer?

A
  • lack of invasiveness

- reversibility

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23
Q

_____ tumors grown slowly, whereas _____ tumors grow faster.

A

Benign

malignant

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24
Q

Slow growing benign tumors are affected by what 3 things?

A
  • blood supply
  • hormonal effects
  • location
25
The rate of malignant tumor growth correlates with what?
the level of differentiation
26
_____ tumors remain localized and cannot invade tissue because they are encapsulated.
Benign
27
______ tumors invade and destroy nearby tissues because they are not encapsulated.
Malignant
28
Define metastasis
the development of a secondary tumor in a location distant from the primary tumor
29
Approximately __% patients present with clinically evident metastases
30%
30
Generally, the more anaplastic and the larger the primary tumor, the ____ likely metastasis will occur.
more
31
What are the 3 pathways through which metastasis can occur?
- lymph channels (lymphatic spread) - blood vessels (hematogenous spread) - seeding of the body cavities
32
A malignant tumor of epithelial tissue origin is called what?
carcinoma
33
A malignant tumor of mesenchymal origin is called what?
sarcoma
34
Lymphatic spread of metastasis favors what type of malignant tumors?
carcinomas
35
Breast carcinoma spreads through ____ lymph nodes
axillary
36
Lung carcinoma spreads through ____ lymph nodes
bronchial
37
Hematogenous spread of metastasis favors what type of malignant tumors?
sarcomas (also used by carcinomas)
38
Are arteries or veins most commonly invaded via hematogenous spread?
veins
39
What are the 2 most frequently involved secondary metastasis sites following the hematogenous spread of tumors?
liver and lungs
40
What is essential for planning preventative measures and developing screening methods for early diagnosis?
Epidemiology
41
What cancer type has the highest incidence rate in men? In women?
prostate breast
42
What cancer type has the highest death rate in both genders?
lung and bronchus
43
What 4 factors affect the incidence of cancer?
- Geographic and environmental factors - Age - Heredity - Aquired preneoplastic disorders
44
The rate of stomach carcinoma in Japan is _ times the rate in North America and Europe.
7
45
Breast carcinoma is _ times higher in North America comparing to Japan
5
46
Liver cell carcinoma is more common in what populations?
African
47
What are 4 environmental factors that increase the risk of cancer?
- asbestos - smoking - multiple sexual partners - fatty diets
48
Mesothelioma is due to exposure to what?
asbestos
49
Generally, the frequency of cancer _____ with age.
increases
50
Most cancer mortality occurs between the ages of __-__
55-75
51
What are the most common tumors in children?
- leukemia - tumors of CNS - lymphomas - soft tissue and bone sarcomas
52
Retinoblastoma is an inherited cancer syndrome in which __% is due to familial cause
40
53
Carriers of the defective gene have a ______ fold increase in the risk of developing Retinoblastoma
10,000
54
True or False All common types of cancers (breast, colon, ovarian, brain)can occur in familial form
True
55
What are the 3 unique features of familial cancers?
- Start at early age - Multiple or bilateral - Two or more relatives
56
What are 3 clinical conditions that predispose a person to cancer?
- Dysplastic bronchial mucosa in smokers (leads to lung carcinoma) - Liver cirrhosis (leads to liver cell carcinoma) - Margins of chronic skin fistula (leads to squamous cell carcinoma)
57
When grading cancers what do each of the following stand for? T N M
T = tumor N = nodes M = metastases
58
What does M0 mean? What does M1 mean? What does M2 mean?
No metastasis present Metastasis present Increased metastasis

723: Pathophysiology (13 decks)

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