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723: Pathophysiology > HIV and AIDS > Flashcards

HIV and AIDS Flashcards

1
Q

What cells are suitable as hosts to a virus?

A

CD4 and T lymphocytes

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2
Q

What is required in order for the HIV virus to enter the cell?

A

certain receptors

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3
Q

What do the receptors interact with?

A

protein complexes embedded in the viral envelope

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4
Q

What are protein complexes composed of?

A

2 glycoproteins

 - extracellular GP120
 - transmembrane GP41
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5
Q

What are the 3 essential replication enzymes?

A
  • integrase
  • protease
  • reverse transcriptase
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6
Q

What does reverse transcriptase do?

A

it begins the reverse transcription of viral RNA

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7
Q

What are the 2 catalytic domains of reverse transcriptase?

A
  • the polymerase active site

- the ribonuclease H active site

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8
Q

What happens at the polymerase active site?

A

single stranded RNA is transcribed into an RNA-DNA double helix

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9
Q

What happens at the ribonuclease H active site?

A

The RNA is broken down

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10
Q

What happens to the DNA strand?

A

It is fused with another DNA strand via the polymerase active site to form a DNA double helix

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11
Q

What does integrase do?

A

It cleaves a dinucleotide from each 3’ end of the DNA creating 2 sticky ends. After this it transfers it into the cell nucleus and facilitates its integration into the host cell genome

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12
Q

What does the viral protease do?

A

Cleaves longer viral proteins into smaller core proteins which creates an infectious virus

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13
Q

Once the core proteins are formed what happens?

A

2 viral RNA strands and the replication enzymes come together and the core proteins assemble around them forming the capsid

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14
Q

What percentage of world population does not have HIV virus receptors?

A

1%

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15
Q

What viral characteristic ensures HIV cannot be treated?

A

the glycoproteins constantly change position

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16
Q

What cells do not allow infection of the virus?

A

Killer cells (KC) and natural killer cells (NKC)

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17
Q

HIV is a ____virus

A

retro

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18
Q

What does is a retrovirus?

A

It is an RNA virus that must reverse to the DNA before reproducing/replicating

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19
Q

What are the 2 types of HIV?

A

HIV-1 and HIV-2

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20
Q

Describe HIV-1

A

It is highly virulent, highly infective, and global

21
Q

Describe HIV-2

A

It isn’t as virulent, not very infective, and only found in West Africa

22
Q

What is the major difference between HIV and AIDS?

A

HIV is treatable, while AIDS is not

23
Q

What is the diagnosis between HIV and AIDS based off of?

A

the number of lymphocytes

- If patient has 200-250 they have AIDS
- If they have more than 250 they still have HIV
24
Q

How many stages of HIV/AIDS are there?

A

4

25
Q

Describe stage 1 (primary)

A
  • short, flu-like illness that occurs one to six weeks after infection
  • typically no symptoms at all
  • infected person can infect other people
26
Q

Describe stage 2 (asymptomatic)

A
  • free from symptoms
  • may be swollen glands
  • level of HIV in the blood drops to very low levels, however HIV antibodies are detectable in the blood
27
Q

How long does stage 2 last?

A

an average of ten years

28
Q

Describe stage 3 (symptomatic)

A
  • mild symptoms
  • deterioration of the immune system
  • opportunistic infections emerge
29
Q

What is stage 4 characterized by?

A

The transition of HIV to AIDS

30
Q

What are 2 bacterial opportunistic infections associated with AIDS?

A
  • Tuberculosis (TB)

- Strep pneumonia

31
Q

What are 3 viral opportunistic infections associated with AIDS?

A
  • Kaposi Sarcoma
  • Herpes
  • Influenza
32
Q

What are 1 parasitic opportunistic infections associated with AIDS?

A

Pneumocystic carinii

33
Q

What are 2 fungal opportunistic infections associated with AIDS?

A
  • Systemic Candida

- Systemic Cryptococcus

34
Q

What are the 4 ways in which HIV/AIDS is transmitted?

A
  • sexual
  • mother to child
  • blood produts
  • injections/needles
35
Q

Why is it believed to be more common in homosexual men then anyone else?

A

The anal epithelium is thinner which cannot fight virus

36
Q

How is HIV/AIDS treated?

A

with pharmacological agents

37
Q

______ are proteins made and released by lymphocytes in response to the presence of pathogens

A

interferons (IFNs)

38
Q

What type of disease is the most common cause of illness and death in late AIDS?

A

GI diseases

39
Q

What are the symptoms of GI diseases caused by AIDS?

A
  • Unexplained diarrhea
  • Extreme weight loss (> 10 lbs)
  • Migratory unexplained abdominal pain
  • Infections (canker sores) of the mouth and esophagus
40
Q

What percentage of AIDS patients develop respiratory disease?

A

70%

41
Q

What are the respiratory problems associated with AIDS?

A
  • Bronchitis
  • Pneumonia
  • Tuberculosis
  • Sinusitis
  • Pneumonitis
42
Q

What are the neurologic problems associated with AIDS?

A
  • Headaches
  • Peripheral nerve problems
  • AIDS dementia complex
43
Q

What are the signs of AIDS dementia complex?

A
  • Memory loss
  • Motor problems/balance
  • Difficulty concentrating
  • Paralysis (unilateral or bilateral)
44
Q

What percentage of AIDS patients develop skin or mucous membrane disorders?

A

90%

45
Q

What is the most common type of cancer in AIDS patients?

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma

46
Q

What percentage of male AIDS patients develop Kaposi’s sarcoma?

A

1/3

47
Q

What percentage of AIDS patients develop eye conditions?

A

50-75%

48
Q

What are 3 associated eye disorders?

A
  • CMV retinitis
  • Conjunctivitis
  • Dry eye syndrome
49
Q

Describe the 3 stages of infection according to the ABC model

A
  1. Category A: asymptomatic
  2. Category B: symptomatic
  3. Category C: AIDS

723: Pathophysiology (13 decks)

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