Inflammation Flashcards
What is the fluid within the cell without organelles called?
What is the fluid within the cell with organelles called?
cyosol
cytoplasm
Injurious stimuli cause a protective vascular connective tissue reaction called what?
inflammation
What are the 4 major signs of inflammation? Explain why each are beneficial…
1) swelling: helps to dilute the toxins
2) increased temperature: beneficial to “aggravate” the WBCs
3) redness: due to vasodilation which increases the rate at which WBCs can reach the injury site
4) pain
What can be defined as the immediate and early response to tissue injury?
acute inflammation
Acute inflammation is characterized by what 3 things?
- Vasodilation
- Vascular leakage and edema
- Leukocyte emigration
Which WBCs are the first to become activated following injury?
Neutrophils
What accounts for the warmth and redness associated with acute inflammation?
vasodilation
The increased intravascular pressure associated with vasodilation leads to an early what?
transudate (protein-poor filtrate of plasma)
Once vascular permeability commences this transudate gives way to what?
exudate (protein-rich)
What do histamines, bradykinins, leukotrienes do within the first 15-30 minutes?
They cause endothelial cells to contract which widens the intercellular gaps of venules
What do the cytokine mediators do?
They induce endothelial cell junction retraction through cytoskeleton reorganization 4-6 hours after injury
Describe the process by which leukocytes leave the vasculature
1) Margination and rolling
2) Adhesion and transmigration
3) Chemotaxis and activation
Describe the margination and rolling process
Leukocytes marginate along the endothelial surface and briefly stick and release along the endothemium until they eventually come to a stop as mutual adhesion reaches a peak
Early rolling adhesion mediated by what?
The selectin family
What occurs after firm adhesion?
Transmigration
What is chemotaxis?
The movement of leukocytes down a chemical gradient to the site of injury
What do the leukocytes do once they are at the injury site?
- Recognize and attach
- Engulf (form phagocytic vacuole)
- Kill (degrade)
What WBCs are located inside of the blood vessel?
basophils
What cells are located outside of the blood vessel (close to it)
mast cells
What do the mast cells release?
histamine, which controls vasodilation
What drug is a blood thinner that is used to keep platelets from clotting the dilated blood vessels?
heparin
What are the 4 possible outcomes of acute inflammation?
- Complete resolution
- Scarring
- Abscess formation with some bacterial or fungal infections
- Progression to chronic inflammation
Why does scarring occur?
The tissues are unable to regenerate which leads to excessive fibrin deposition organized into fibrous tissue
Under what circumstances does chronic inflammation occur?
When acute phase cannot be resolved. Such as…
- Persistent injury or infection - Prolonged toxic agent exposure - Autoimmune disease states
