Inflammation

Question 1

What is the fluid within the cell without organelles called?

What is the fluid within the cell with organelles called?

Answer 1

cyosol

cytoplasm

Question 2

Injurious stimuli cause a protective vascular connective tissue reaction called what?

Answer 2

inflammation

Question 3

What are the 4 major signs of inflammation? Explain why each are beneficial…

Answer 3

1) swelling: helps to dilute the toxins
2) increased temperature: beneficial to “aggravate” the WBCs
3) redness: due to vasodilation which increases the rate at which WBCs can reach the injury site
4) pain

Question 4

What can be defined as the immediate and early response to tissue injury?

Answer 4

acute inflammation

Question 5

Acute inflammation is characterized by what 3 things?

Answer 5

• Vasodilation
• Vascular leakage and edema
• Leukocyte emigration

Question 6

Which WBCs are the first to become activated following injury?

Answer 6

Neutrophils

Question 7

What accounts for the warmth and redness associated with acute inflammation?

Answer 7

vasodilation

Question 8

The increased intravascular pressure associated with vasodilation leads to an early what?

Answer 8

transudate (protein-poor filtrate of plasma)

Question 9

Once vascular permeability commences this transudate gives way to what?

Answer 9

exudate (protein-rich)

Question 10

What do histamines, bradykinins, leukotrienes do within the first 15-30 minutes?

Answer 10

They cause endothelial cells to contract which widens the intercellular gaps of venules

Question 11

What do the cytokine mediators do?

Answer 11

They induce endothelial cell junction retraction through cytoskeleton reorganization 4-6 hours after injury

Question 12

Describe the process by which leukocytes leave the vasculature

Answer 12

1) Margination and rolling
2) Adhesion and transmigration
3) Chemotaxis and activation

Question 13

Describe the margination and rolling process

Answer 13

Leukocytes marginate along the endothelial surface and briefly stick and release along the endothemium until they eventually come to a stop as mutual adhesion reaches a peak

Question 14

Early rolling adhesion mediated by what?

Answer 14

The selectin family

Question 15

What occurs after firm adhesion?

Answer 15

Transmigration

Question 16

What is chemotaxis?

Answer 16

The movement of leukocytes down a chemical gradient to the site of injury

Question 17

What do the leukocytes do once they are at the injury site?

Answer 17

• Recognize and attach
• Engulf (form phagocytic vacuole)
• Kill (degrade)

Question 18

What WBCs are located inside of the blood vessel?

Answer 18

basophils

Question 19

What cells are located outside of the blood vessel (close to it)

Answer 19

mast cells

Question 20

What do the mast cells release?

Answer 20

histamine, which controls vasodilation

Question 21

What drug is a blood thinner that is used to keep platelets from clotting the dilated blood vessels?

Answer 21

heparin

Question 22

What are the 4 possible outcomes of acute inflammation?

Answer 22

• Complete resolution
• Scarring
• Abscess formation with some bacterial or fungal infections
• Progression to chronic inflammation

Question 23

Why does scarring occur?

Answer 23

The tissues are unable to regenerate which leads to excessive fibrin deposition organized into fibrous tissue

Question 24

Under what circumstances does chronic inflammation occur?

Answer 24

When acute phase cannot be resolved. Such as…

- Persistent injury or infection
- Prolonged toxic agent exposure
- Autoimmune disease states

Question 25

What are the 4 “players” of chronic inflammation?

Answer 25

• Macrophages
• T and B lymphocytes
• Plasma cells
• Eosinophils

Question 26

Lymphatics drain the tissues of toxins which are transported where?

Answer 26

to the lymph nodes

Question 27

What are the 4 patterns of acute and chronic inflammation?

Answer 27

• serous (blister)
• fibrinous (scar)
• suppurative (pus)
• ulceration (ulcer)

Question 28

What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?

Answer 28

• rubor (redness)
• tumor (swelling)
• calor (heat)
• dolor (pain)
• loss of function

Question 29

What is chronic inflammation associated with?

Answer 29

The presence of lymphocytes and macrophages, proliferation of blood vessels, fibrosis, and tissue necrosis