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723: Pathophysiology > Anemia > Flashcards

Anemia Flashcards

1
Q

What type of anemia causes RBCs to be 2-3 times larger than normal?

A

Megaloblastic Anemia

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2
Q

Megaloblastic Anemia is a pathology of what?

A

the stomach

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3
Q

Iron deficiency anemia in women is typically a pathology of what?

A

Pathology of the reproductive tract in which heavy menstruation leads to excessive blood loss

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4
Q

What do the RBCs look like in iron deficiency anemia?

A

Microcytic hypochromic RBCs

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5
Q

Describe the appearance of microcytic hypochromic RBCs

A

They are small in size and pink in color

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6
Q

Iron deficiency anemia in men is typically a pathology of what?

A

The GI tract

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7
Q

Describe mucosal differences between the esophagus and stomach

A

It is very thick in the stomach, which allows for hydrochloric acid to exist and very thin in the esophagus

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8
Q

What specialized cells located in the mucosal layer of the stomach secrete hydrocholoric acid?

A

The parietal cells

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9
Q

When you “eat like a brid” what do the parietal cells do?

A

They release smaller amounts of acid

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10
Q

What does suppression of the parietal cells result in?

A

Reduced acid production and the protein intrinsic factor

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11
Q

When there is little intrinsic factor what is the result?

A

Vitamin B12 cannot be absorbed which leads to anemia

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12
Q

What 2 regions of the GI tract are most affected by iron deficiency anemia in men?

A

The esophagus and stomach (upper GI)

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13
Q

When there is blood in the stool what is the first thing you should consider?

A

The upper GI tract as a source of the bleeding. You do not always have to assume the worse in cancer or an ulcerative disease

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14
Q

What is diagnostic of iron deficiency anemia?

A

Complete blood count (CBC) is diagnostic for anemia

 - Small, pink cells = iron deficiency anemia
 - Large, red cells = megaloblastic anemia
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15
Q

What is Hepatosplenomegaly?

A

Liver and spleen enlargement due to excessive RBC lysis

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16
Q

What 2 things does an enlarged liver and spleen lead to?

A
  • Effects blood filtration in the liver

- Spleen overload causes suppression of the immune system

17
Q

Vitamin B12 deficiceny results as ______ anemia

A

megoblastic

18
Q

Describe megoblastic anemia

A

The nucleus is present which interferes with the oxygenation of the RBCs

19
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency?

A

Pale skin, SOB, and fatigue

20
Q

How is vitamin B12 deficiency treated?

A

with an intramuscular injection into the gluteus maximus

21
Q

Describe why or why not normal RBCs typically are not considered “real” cells?

A

because the nucleus is absent in order to reduce size of the cell

22
Q

What is folic acid required for?

A

DNA synthesis and red cell maturation

23
Q

What type of anemia does folic acid deficiency cause?

A

the same type of megaloblastic red cells changes that occur in vitamin-B12 deficiency

24
Q

Where is folic acid absorbed?

A

from the intestine

25
Q

What is the most common cause of folic acid deficiency?

A

malnutrition or dietary lack, especially in the elderly or in association with alcoholism

26
Q

A dietary deficiency in folic acid may result in anemia after how long?

A

a few months

27
Q

Other than in the elderly or in alcoholics, what population is folic acid deficiency anemia common?

A

pregnant women

28
Q

How many micrograms should all women of childbearing age take daily?

A

400-600

29
Q

What causes sickle cell disease?

A

a mutation in the β chain of the hemoglobin molecure forming HbS which causes sickling of the RBCs

30
Q

What are the 2 major consequences of RBC sickling?

A
  • chronic hemolytic anemia

- blood vessel occlusion

31
Q

What does chronic hemolytic anemia result in?

A

the premature breakdown of RBCs due to abnormal sickling

32
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of sickle cell anemia?

A
  • shortness of breath
  • fatigue
  • delayed growth and development in children
33
Q

What is a major consequence of blood vessel occlusion due to RBC sickling?

A

High blood pressure in the pulmonary vasculature, which leads to pulmonary hypertension

34
Q

Pulmonary hypertension occurs in about ____ of adults with sickle cell disease and can lead to heart failure

A

1/3

35
Q

What is the treatment protocol for those with sickle cell anemia?

A

Avoid situations that precipitate sickling episodes, such as infections, cold exposure, severe physical exertion, acidosis, and dehydration

36
Q

What may be warranted in crisis situations or given chronically in severe disease?

A

blood transfusions

723: Pathophysiology (13 decks)

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