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Patophysiology Exam 1 > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

PR Top ten cause of death

A

15.2% (Second behind Cardiovascular Disease (18.3%))

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2
Q

PR Cancer Incidence (Men)

A
  1. Prostate (38%)
  2. Colon (11.5%)
  3. Lung (5.4%)
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3
Q

PR Cancer Incidence (Women)

A
  1. Breast (30.5%)
  2. Colon (10.5%)
  3. Uterus (9.6%)
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4
Q

PR Cancer Mortality (Men)

A
  1. Prostate (16.2%)
  2. Colon (13.3%)
  3. Lung (11.5%)
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5
Q

PR Cancer Mortality (Women)

A
  1. Breast (18.6%)
  2. Colon (12.7%)
  3. Lung (8.9%)
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6
Q

Which is the most mortal cancer in Puerto Rico?

A

Colon

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7
Q

USA Cancer Incidence (Men)

A
  1. Prostate (29%)
  2. Lung (11%)
  3. Colon (8%)
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8
Q

USA Cancer Incidence (Women)

A
  1. Breast (32%)
  2. Lung (12%)
  3. Colon (7%)
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9
Q

USA Cancer Mortality (Men)

A
  1. Lung (20%)
  2. Prostate (11%)
  3. Colon (9%)
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10
Q

USA Cancer Mortality (Women)

A
  1. Lung (21%)
  2. Breast (15%)
  3. Pancreas (8%)
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11
Q

Which is the most mortal cancer in the United States?

A

Lung

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12
Q

Which is the most common cancer in children?

A

Leukemia (28%)
-Second most common is CNS cancers
-Is the second most common cause of death behind accidents.

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13
Q

What is Cancer?

A

Cancer is, in essence, Genetic or Epigenetic Disease with:
-Uncontrolled proliferation of cells
-Invasive and Metastatic potential

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14
Q

In Epigenetics, what does DNA methylation does?

A

It can activate or inactivate genes. It can also be inherited.

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15
Q

Which cell adaptation may be precancerous?

A

Hyperplasia and Mild Dysplasia
-Atrophy and Hypertrophy are NOT cancerous.

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16
Q

Proto-oncogenes

A

Promotes normal cell growth but if it’s mutated, it converts in an oncogene.

17
Q

Oncogene

A

Promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer cells.

18
Q

Tumor suppressor gene

A

Responsible for suppresses cell division (p53)

19
Q

Gompertzian growth curve

A

Exponential tumor growth
-Initial tumor growth is log linear (growth fraction)
-As tumor burden increases, growth slows and increase doubling time

20
Q

Mention 4 metastasis pathways

A
  1. Hematogenous (through circulation)
  2. Lymphatic (through glands)
  3. Cerebrospinal fluid
  4. Transabdominal spread within the peritoneal cavity
21
Q

Carcinoma in situ

A

Cancer has not yet invaded the basement membrane

22
Q

Micrometastasis

A

Metastasis too small to be detected by a standard clinical examination.

23
Q

What is a Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy

A

A dye is injected near the tumor and visually followed to its nearest lymph node. They are removed to check if the cancer has spread.

24
Q

Explain the process of metastasis

A
  1. Metastasis starts when the cancer cells invades the basement membrane and pass through the Extracellular Matrix (EXC) with the help of Chemokines. In this process integrins increase and Cadherins decrease
  2. They enter the blood circulation and platelets protect them form immune cells.
  3. They exit the blood vessel and start proliferating in another organ tissue.
25
Q

According to the professor, which is the most important mechanism that detects DNA abnormalities in mitosis? (Hint: Checkpoints)

A

G1

26
Q

Normal Cell Characteristics

A
  1. Small “immortal cell” component (divides when necessary)
  2. Apoptosis
  3. Cellular senescence (aging) telomeres gets smaller
  4. Anchorage dependent growth (normal cell don’t grow if not attached to a tissue)
  5. Mechanism that detects abnormalities in DNA
  6. Biological Clock
  7. Cellular Respiration (Oxidative phosphorylation and anaerobic glycolysi)
27
Q

Cancer Cells Characteristics

A
  1. Clonal Origin
  2. Failure to undergo Apoptosis
  3. Non-cellular senescence (aging) telomeres DOES NOT gets smaller
  4. Non-Anchorage dependent growth (normal cell don’t grow if not attached to a tissue)
  5. Altered Mechanism that detects abnormalities in DNA (BRCA1, BRCA2)
  6. Altered Biological Clock
  7. Cellular Respiration (Aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect)))
  8. Immortality (Proliferation indefinitely)
  9. Angiogenesis - blood vessels provide nutrition to cancer cells
28
Q

Characteristics of Benign Cancers

A
  1. Slow growing (lost ability to control cell proliferation)
  2. Typical appearance
  3. Normal number of chromosomes
  4. Encapsulated
  5. Not harmful
  6. Localized
29
Q

Characteristics of Malignant Cancers

A
  1. Proliferate rapidly
  2. Atypical appearances (dysplasia)
  3. Aneuploidy
  4. Usually not encapsulated (Invades and destroys surrounding tissues)
  5. Harmful if not treated
  6. Metastasis
30
Q

What are tumor markers?

A

Tumor antigens that were produced which can be used to treat cancer.

31
Q

Localized Manifestations of Cancer

A
  1. Pain
  2. Obstruction (can’t evacuate)
  3. Tissue necrosis (infections)
  4. Ulcerations (infections)
  5. Effusions
  6. Pleural Effusion -fluid in the lungs
32
Q

Systemic manifestations of Cancer

A
  1. Cachexia or weight loss
  2. Anorexia (lost of appetite)
  3. Anemia
  4. Fatigue
  5. Infections
  6. Bleeding
  7. Sleep disorders
  8. Pain
  9. Paraneoplastic Syndromes
33
Q

Paraneoplastic Syndromes

A
  1. Endocrinologic
    -Syndrome of inappropriate ADH
    -Cushing syndrome (ACTH)
    -Hypercalcemia (PTH)
  2. Hematologic
    -Venous Thrombosis (Procoagulation)
    -Nonbacterial Thrombolytic endocarditis
  3. Neurologic
    -Lambert-Eaton syndrome (LEMS) weakness in extremities
    -Myasthenia Gravis (weakness in eyelid)
  4. Dermatologic
    -Acanthoisis nigricans (caused by gastric cancers)
34
Q

Mention the things discussed in class that causes or may cause cancer

A

-chronic inflammatory
-Immunosuppression
-Tabacco/Alcohol
- Ionizing Radiation (atomic bomb, radiotherapy, ambient radon gas, solar UV)
-Things with Asbesto
-Plastic 3, 6 and 7
-Arsenic
-Ethylene Oxide
-Betel nut (may caused)
-Aflatoxins (may caused)
-HLTV-1 (T-cell leukemia)
-HPV
-Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
-Hepatitis B
-Chronic H. pylori infection
-Estrogen Nonsteroidal
-Red meat
-Processed meat (may cause)
Food with high salt
-Obesity
-Little to none physical activity
-eating to much sugar

35
Q

Mention thing that DOES NOT cause cancer

A

Patophysiology Exam 1 (7 decks)

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