Cell Response And Injury

Question 1

Atrophy

Answer 1

Cells decrease in size. The mechanism is adaptive and reversible. Cause by Disuse, Denervation, Loss of Endocrine stimulation (Vaginal Atrophy) , poor nutrition, and Ischemia. Effect is that cells components are reduced in size.

Question 2

Ischemia

Answer 2

Decrease blood flow to a body organ due to obstruction of a blood vessel.

Question 3

Hypertrophy

Answer 3

Cells Increase in size. Common in cells that cannot undergo mitosis. This mechanism is adaptive and reversible.

Question 4

Physiologic Hypertrophy

Answer 4

Results of a normal physiological process upon increase workload (EX. when a person works out)

Question 5

Pathologic Hypertrophy

Answer 5

Result of a disease.
Adaptive is an enlargement due to increase functional demands (Ex Left-ventricular Hypertrophy)
Compensatory is an enlargement of a remaining organ or tissue after a portion was removed (Ex kidney removed)

Question 6

Hyperplasia

Answer 6

An Increase of number of cells. This can also occur with Hypertrophy. This mechanism is adaptive and reversible.

Question 7

Physiologic Hyperplasia

Answer 7

Hormonal is breast and uterine enlargement during pregnancy (Ex Estrogen)
Compensatory occurs after damage or resection. (Ex. Wound healing)

Question 8

Nonphysiologic Hyperplasia

Answer 8

Excessive hormonal or growth factor stimulation (Ex Bening Prostatic Hyperplasia)

Question 9

Metaplasia

Answer 9

One type of cell is replaced by another type. Usually a response of chronic irritation and inflammation. Smoking can induce metaplasia.

Question 10

Dysplasia

Answer 10

Disorganized cell growth. Loss of differentiation. It is a precursor of cancer.

Question 11

Intracellular accumulations

Answer 11

Buildup of substances that cells cannot immediately use or eliminate. (Ex. Normal Body Substance, Abnormal endogenous product, and Exogenous Product)

Question 12

Fatty Liver (Steatosis)

Answer 12

Abnormal accumulation when the delivery of free fatty acids to the liver increased or when the intrahepatic metabolism of lipids is disturbed.

Question 13

Jaundice (“ictericia”)

Answer 13

Imbalance between synthesis and clearance of bilirubin. (Accumulation of bilirubin)

Question 14

Foam cells in atherosclerosis

Answer 14

Atherosclerotic plaque that obstructs the blood flow (Ischemia)

Question 15

Pathologic Calcifications

Answer 15

A lesion in which calcium salts are deposited abnormally in soft tissues.

Question 16

Dystrophic Calcification

Answer 16

-Occurs in dying and dead tissue
-Calcification extra and intracellular
-Typically a localized lesion
-Could lead to organ dysfunction

Question 17

Metastatic Calcification

Answer 17

-Occurs in normal tissue
-Calcification extracellular
-Hyperparathyrodism, Vitamin D intoxication, and Diseases with extensive destruction of bone.

Question 18

Cell Injury

Answer 18

Damage in the cell usually reversible.
Mechanisms:
-free radical formation
-Hypoxia and ATP depletion (Increase in sodium and decrease of ATP)
-Increase in intracellular calcium

Question 19

Free radical formation

Answer 19

They react with proteins, membranes, and DNA creating damage.
They are eliminated through antioxidants.

Question 20

Hypoxia and ATP depletion

Answer 20

Less oxygen interrupts the ATP production. Reduced ATP makes sodium to accumulate inside the cell and cause cell swelling. Allows diffusion of enzymes, proteins, etc.

Question 21

Disruption of intracellular calcium homeostasis

Answer 21

Serve as reference when cells are injured. Signals for apoptosis.

Question 22

Apoptosis

Answer 22

-Programmed cell death
-Physiological or pathological process
-It starts through cell signaling, then shrinks its compartment. Cell is divided in apoptotic bodies and phagocytic cells eliminate them.

Question 23

Necrosis

Answer 23

-Not programmed cell death in an organ or tissue that is still part of a living person.
-Pathological process
-Unregulated enzyme digestion

Question 24

Liquefaction necrosis

Answer 24

Cells die but their catalytic enzymes are not destroyed. (Pus)

Question 25

Coagulative necrosis

Answer 25

Acidosis develops and denatures the enzymes.

Question 26

Caseous necrosis

Answer 26

Dead cells persist indefinitely as soft, cheese-like debris.

Question 27

Dry Gangrene

Answer 27

-Dry, Wrinkle, shrunken, black
-slow
-line of demarcation
-interference of arterial blood supply, no venous interference
-extremities

Question 28

Wet gangrene

Answer 28

-Cold, swollen, pulseless, moist, black, tense, foul odor.
- Fast
-No line of demarcation
-Bacterial action and interference of venous return
-Extremities and internal organs.

Question 29

Gas gangrene

Answer 29

-Bubbles of hydrogen sulfite gas that form in the muscle, black, swollen, crepitus.
-Fast
-No line of demarcation
-Infection by Clostridium
-Muscle