Infectious Diseases

Question 1

Infectious pathogens

Answer 1

Results when an exogenous or endogenous agent overcomes innate host immunity.

Question 2

Normal Microbial Flora

Answer 2

Represent colonization of bacteria in areas of the human body
-commensals-bacteria that are present with no harm)

Question 3

Gram + bacteria

Answer 3

-Streptococcus
-Staphylococcus
-Enterococcus
-Listeria

Question 4

As discussed in class, which region of the body has the least number of bacteria?

Answer 4

Lower respiratory tract

Question 5

As discussed in class, which region of the body has the most number of bacteria?

Answer 5

Mouth

Question 6

Staphylococcus aureus

Answer 6

Tend to cause infection in the skin (Cellulitis or Endocartitis by IV drug abuse or prosthetic valves)

Question 7

Streptococci Viridans

Answer 7

Causes infection in the mouth (Endocarditis due to recent dental work)

Question 8

Bacteremia

Answer 8

Bacteria in the blood. It can lead to endocarditis

Question 9

Colonization

Answer 9

-Indicates the presence of an organism without symptoms of illness.
-A step required in the process of infection

Question 10

Infection

Answer 10

Presence and Multiplication within another living organism, with subsequent injury to the host.

Question 11

Nosocomial

Answer 11

Infection acquired in the hospital.

Question 12

Why can microorganism can be found in our body?

Answer 12

Is a Symbiotic relationship (mutualism)
-The body has sufficient nutrients and appropriate conditions.
-Bacteria can facilitate digestion and produce metabolites such as vitamins.

Question 13

Opportunistic Infections

Answer 13

infections resulting from commensals that rarely causes diseases.

Question 14

Portal of entry

Answer 14

-Penetration
-Direct Contact
-Ingestion
-Inhalation

Question 15

Virulence Factors

Answer 15

Enhance the ability to cause disease
1. Toxins
2. Adhesion Factors (Pili)
3. Evasive Factors (capsule)
4. Invasive Factors (enzyme)

Question 16

Infections process

Answer 16

1. Colonization
2. Invasion
3. Multiplication
4. Spread

Question 17

Tissue tropism

Answer 17

Specificity of adherence to a particular tissue.

Question 18

What are the three types of infection to start colonization?

Answer 18

1. Zoonotic
2. Environmental
3. Human to Human

Question 19

Invasion

Answer 19

Penetrate tissue and evade immune system.

Question 20

Multiplication

Answer 20

New infections progeny

Question 21

Clinical process of infection

Answer 21

1. Incubation (initial exposure, no symptoms)
2. Prodromal Stage (mild symptoms appear)
3. Acute stage (spread)
4. Convalescence (Elimination of pathogen)

Question 22

Example of a disease that can enter a period of latency.

Answer 22

Varicella can cause shingles

Question 23

Host defenses against infection

Answer 23

1. Innate immunity (Constitutive) (We are born with)
2. Induced Immunity (Adapted) (production of antibodies)

Question 24

Component of innate immunity

Answer 24

1. Anatomical barrier (Physical and chemical barriers)
2. Cell (NK cells, Phagocytic cells)
3. Soluble proteins (Cytokines, Chemokines)

Question 25

Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases

Answer 25

1. Direct examination (gram stain)
2. Culture (presence of organism)
3. Serology (antibodies)

Question 26

Endocarditis

Answer 26

Microbial infection of the heart valves causing inflammation and may lead to other heart complications.

Question 27

Endocarditis involving Left-side of the heart

Answer 27

Mitral valve
-Multisystem disease in brain, spleen, kidney, and extremities.

Question 28

Endocarditis involving Right-side of the heart

Answer 28

Tricuspid valve
- May be cause by IV drug abuse
- May lead to emboli in the lungs.

Question 29

Pneumonia

Answer 29

Infection in the alveoli which leads to impaired gas exchange and inflammation. Cause by Direct inhalation.