Inflammatory response

Question 1

Endothelial cells

Answer 1

-Selective permeable barrier between the circulating blood in vessels and the surrounding tissues.
-Produce antiplatelet and antithrombotic agents
-Regulate Leukocyte extravasation
-Produce growth factors that stimulate angiogenesis.

Question 2

Platelets

Answer 2

-Clot formation
-Release inflammatory mediators
-Life span: 7-10 days

Question 3

Cells involved in the inflammatory process

Answer 3

-Endothelial Cells
-Platelets
-Connective tissue cells (mast cells, fibroblasts, and macrophages)
-Leukocytes

Question 4

Leukocytes

Answer 4

White blood cells

Question 5

Neutrophils (45-73%)

Answer 5

-Most numerous leukocytes
-Bands (immature) found in the bone morrow
-Segs (mature) found circulating in the blood
-First cells to appear at the site of acute inflammation
-Increase in bacterial infection

Question 6

Basophils (0-1%)

Answer 6

-Most prominent in allergic reactions (IgE)
-Release histamine
-Precursors of mast cells

Question 7

Eosinophils (0-5%)

Answer 7

-Contains proteins that is Highly toxic to parasitic worms
-Play important role in allergic reactions and asthma.
-Longer lifespan than neutrophils

Question 8

Monocytes (2-8%)

Answer 8

-Linked to atherosclerosis (formation of foam cells)
-Contribute to initiation of the healing process (Remove dead cells)
-Maintain the chronic inflammation process

Question 9

Lymphocytes T (20-40%)

Answer 9

-Second most common
-recruit cell or directly attack (cellular immunity)
-Activated in Viral infections

Question 10

Lymphocytes B

Answer 10

Produce antibodies (Humoral immunity)

Question 11

Inflammatory Mediators - Plasma Derived

Answer 11

-Clotting System (Produce thrombin)
-Complement system (20 inactive component protein)
-Kinin System (Produce Kininogens)

Question 12

Inflammatory Mediators - Cell Derived

Answer 12

-Histamine (First to be released)
-Platelet Activating Factor (PAF) induces platelet aggregation
-Nitric Oxide (NO) produces relaxation of vascular smooth muscle
-Cytokines (TNFa and IL-1) modulate the function of other cells
-Chemokines (inflammatory-recruit leukocytes)

Question 13

5 Cardinal Signs

Answer 13

-Redness (erythema) - vasodilation
-Warmth - vasodilation
-Tumor (swelling/edema) - increase vascular permeability
-Pain - Physical and chemical stimulation of nociceptors
-Loss of function - Fibroplasia and metaplasia

Question 14

Acute Inflammation

Answer 14

Aimed primarily at removing the injurious agent and limiting the extent of tissue damage.
Its compose of the vascular phase and the cellular phase.
-Abscess formation

Question 15

Vascular phase

Answer 15

-Allows proteins leave the circulation.
-Vasodilation - increased blood flow
-Vascular permeability - leakage of protein-rich fluid into extravascular tissues.

Question 16

Cellular Phase

Answer 16

-Movement of phagocytic leukocytes into the area of injury or infection.
1. Migration-adhere tightly to the endothelium
2. Transmigration-pass through the vessel wall
3. Chemotaxis-Migration guided by a gradient
4. Phagocytosis-engulf and degrade the bacteria and cellular debris

Question 17

Chronic inflammation

Answer 17

-long duration
-Result of a recurrent or progressive acute inflammatory process

Question 18

Systemic Manifestations of Inflammation

Answer 18

-Inflammatory mediators into the circulation.
1. Acute-Phase Response
2. Alterations to WBCs
3. Fever

Question 19

Acute-Phase Response

Answer 19

-Increase synthesis of acute-phase proteins (Fibrinogen C-reactive protein (CRP) and Serum amyloid A (SAA))
-Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
-Increase numbers or leukocytes

Question 20

Fever (Pyrexia) >100F

Answer 20

-Pyrogens - cause the upward displacement of the set point of the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center
-Treatment:
1. Sponge baths
2. Hydration
3. Aspirin > 6 months
4. Ibuprofen < 6 months
5. Acetaminophen all ages

Question 21

Tissue repair and wound healing

Answer 21

Attempt to maintain normal body structure and function and fill the gap created by tissue destruction.
Phases:
1. Inflammatory phase (neutrophils gets there)
2. Proliferative phase (synthesis and secretes collagen and produce growth factors)
3. Remodeling phase (creates the scar)