Inflammatory response Flashcards
Endothelial cells
-Selective permeable barrier between the circulating blood in vessels and the surrounding tissues.
-Produce antiplatelet and antithrombotic agents
-Regulate Leukocyte extravasation
-Produce growth factors that stimulate angiogenesis.
Platelets
-Clot formation
-Release inflammatory mediators
-Life span: 7-10 days
Cells involved in the inflammatory process
-Endothelial Cells
-Platelets
-Connective tissue cells (mast cells, fibroblasts, and macrophages)
-Leukocytes
Leukocytes
White blood cells
Neutrophils (45-73%)
-Most numerous leukocytes
-Bands (immature) found in the bone morrow
-Segs (mature) found circulating in the blood
-First cells to appear at the site of acute inflammation
-Increase in bacterial infection
Basophils (0-1%)
-Most prominent in allergic reactions (IgE)
-Release histamine
-Precursors of mast cells
Eosinophils (0-5%)
-Contains proteins that is Highly toxic to parasitic worms
-Play important role in allergic reactions and asthma.
-Longer lifespan than neutrophils
Monocytes (2-8%)
-Linked to atherosclerosis (formation of foam cells)
-Contribute to initiation of the healing process (Remove dead cells)
-Maintain the chronic inflammation process
Lymphocytes T (20-40%)
-Second most common
-recruit cell or directly attack (cellular immunity)
-Activated in Viral infections
Lymphocytes B
Produce antibodies (Humoral immunity)
Inflammatory Mediators - Plasma Derived
-Clotting System (Produce thrombin)
-Complement system (20 inactive component protein)
-Kinin System (Produce Kininogens)
Inflammatory Mediators - Cell Derived
-Histamine (First to be released)
-Platelet Activating Factor (PAF) induces platelet aggregation
-Nitric Oxide (NO) produces relaxation of vascular smooth muscle
-Cytokines (TNFa and IL-1) modulate the function of other cells
-Chemokines (inflammatory-recruit leukocytes)
5 Cardinal Signs
-Redness (erythema) - vasodilation
-Warmth - vasodilation
-Tumor (swelling/edema) - increase vascular permeability
-Pain - Physical and chemical stimulation of nociceptors
-Loss of function - Fibroplasia and metaplasia
Acute Inflammation
Aimed primarily at removing the injurious agent and limiting the extent of tissue damage.
Its compose of the vascular phase and the cellular phase.
-Abscess formation
Vascular phase
-Allows proteins leave the circulation.
-Vasodilation - increased blood flow
-Vascular permeability - leakage of protein-rich fluid into extravascular tissues.
Cellular Phase
-Movement of phagocytic leukocytes into the area of injury or infection.
1. Migration-adhere tightly to the endothelium
2. Transmigration-pass through the vessel wall
3. Chemotaxis-Migration guided by a gradient
4. Phagocytosis-engulf and degrade the bacteria and cellular debris
Chronic inflammation
-long duration
-Result of a recurrent or progressive acute inflammatory process
Systemic Manifestations of Inflammation
-Inflammatory mediators into the circulation.
1. Acute-Phase Response
2. Alterations to WBCs
3. Fever
Acute-Phase Response
-Increase synthesis of acute-phase proteins (Fibrinogen C-reactive protein (CRP) and Serum amyloid A (SAA))
-Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
-Increase numbers or leukocytes
Fever (Pyrexia) >100F
-Pyrogens - cause the upward displacement of the set point of the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center
-Treatment:
1. Sponge baths
2. Hydration
3. Aspirin > 6 months
4. Ibuprofen < 6 months
5. Acetaminophen all ages
Tissue repair and wound healing
Attempt to maintain normal body structure and function and fill the gap created by tissue destruction.
Phases:
1. Inflammatory phase (neutrophils gets there)
2. Proliferative phase (synthesis and secretes collagen and produce growth factors)
3. Remodeling phase (creates the scar)
