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Pathobio and host defense > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Cancer is what type of disorder and caused by what

A

it is a genetic disorder caused by DNA mutations

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2
Q

what are the hallmarks of cancer

A

accumulation of mutations

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3
Q

the characteristics of cancer are:

A
  1. self sufficiency in growth signals
  2. insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals
  3. absence of apoptosis
  4. limitless proliferative capacity
  5. sustained angiogenesis
  6. tissue innovation and metastasis
  7. reprogramming of metabolic pathways
  8. ability to evade immune system
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4
Q

definition of neoplasia and neoplasm

A
  • new growth
  • tumour/cancer
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5
Q

cancer causes cells to undergo what

A

uncontrolled proliferation

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6
Q

benign is defined as

A

cells grow as compact mass and remain at their site of origin

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7
Q

malignant is defined as

A

growth of cells is uncontrolled and can spread to surrounding tissue

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8
Q

all tumors have two basic components:

A

parenchyma: neoplastic cells (determine behavior)
stroma: supporting host derived connective tissue, blood vessels, and inflammatory cells (help in growth)

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9
Q

characteristics of benign tumors

A
  • expansive compressing tiusse
  • do not recur
  • do not metastasized
  • grow slowly
  • don’t cause cachexia
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10
Q

sarcomas are defined as

A

malignant neoplasms arising in mesenchymal tissue or its derivatives

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11
Q

leukemias or lymphomas are

A

malignant tumors arising from mesenchymal cells of blood

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12
Q

characteristics of malignant tumors

A
  • invasive replacing tissue
  • can recur
  • may metastasize
  • grow quickly
  • can cause cachexia
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13
Q

mixed tumors are

A

when tumor cells undergo divergent differentiation

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14
Q

teratoma are

A

mixed tumor that originate from totipotential germ cells

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15
Q

the fundamental features by which benign and malignant tumors can be distinguished

A
  • differentiation and anaplasia
  • rate of growth
  • local invasion
  • metastasis
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16
Q

lack of differentiation is called

A

anaplasia

17
Q

dysplasia is known as

A

disordered but non-neoplastic proliferation (vary in size and shape)

18
Q

differentiation refers to

A

extent that neoplastic cells resemble normal cells

19
Q

rate of growth depends on

A

doubling time of tumor cells, number of cells remaining in preoperative pool and rate that cells die

20
Q

benign neoplasm often develop

A

fibrous capsule

21
Q

cancer grow by

A
  • progressive infiltration
  • invasion
  • destruction
  • penetration of surrounding tissue
22
Q

how are metastatic cancers spread

A
  • direct seeding of body cavities
  • lymphatic spread
  • hematogenous spread (liver/lungs)
23
Q

what affect does acquired preneoplastic lesion have on

A

increase likelihood of malignancy

24
Q

what are the four classes of normal regulatory genes that are principal targets of genetic damage

A
  • growth promoting proto oncogene
  • growth inhibiting tumor suppressor genes
  • genes that regulate apoptosis
  • genes involved in DNA repair
25
Q

proto oncogenes are

A

normal genes that regulate growth, cell division, and ability to adhere to other cells

26
Q

tumor suppressor genes are genes that

A

prevent uncontrolled cell division

27
Q

a mutation to tumor suppressor genes leads to

A

predisposition of cancer

28
Q

a mutation to proto oncogenes may lead to

A

cause it to become an oncogene

29
Q

types of genetic lesion in cancer are

A
  • point mutation
  • insertion/deletion/translocation
  • chromosome changes
  • amplification
  • gene silencing
  • exogenous sequences
30
Q

what are epigenetic modifications

A
  • DNA methylation
  • histone tail modification
31
Q

what are the hallmarks of cancer

A

1&2: proliferated cell growth
3: cells don’t die easily
4: cells divide forever
5: cells get more blood supply
6: cells escape and spread

32
Q

why do cells get more blood supply in cancer

A

fast growing cells need more nutrients and get rid of more waste

33
Q

due to a larger amount of cells seen in cancer, what do cancer cells induce

A

angiogenesis by signaling VEGF

34
Q

in tissue invasion and metastasis what occurs

A

primary tumor spawn pioneer cells that move out founding new colonies

35
Q

what are the steps for invasion-metastasis cascade

A
  • local invasion
  • intravasation into blood lymph vessels
  • transit through vasculature
  • extravasation
  • formation of micrometastases
  • growth of micrometastases
36
Q

what the classes of carcinogenic agents

A
  • chemicals
  • radiant energy
  • microbial agents

Pathobio and host defense (7 decks)

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