Neoplasia

Question 1

Cancer is what type of disorder and caused by what

Answer 1

it is a genetic disorder caused by DNA mutations

Question 2

what are the hallmarks of cancer

Answer 2

accumulation of mutations

Question 3

the characteristics of cancer are:

Answer 3

1. self sufficiency in growth signals
2. insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals
3. absence of apoptosis
4. limitless proliferative capacity
5. sustained angiogenesis
6. tissue innovation and metastasis
7. reprogramming of metabolic pathways
8. ability to evade immune system

Question 4

definition of neoplasia and neoplasm

Answer 4

• new growth
• tumour/cancer

Question 5

cancer causes cells to undergo what

Answer 5

uncontrolled proliferation

Question 6

benign is defined as

Answer 6

cells grow as compact mass and remain at their site of origin

Question 7

malignant is defined as

Answer 7

growth of cells is uncontrolled and can spread to surrounding tissue

Question 8

all tumors have two basic components:

Answer 8

parenchyma: neoplastic cells (determine behavior)
stroma: supporting host derived connective tissue, blood vessels, and inflammatory cells (help in growth)

Question 9

characteristics of benign tumors

Answer 9

• expansive compressing tiusse
• do not recur
• do not metastasized
• grow slowly
• don’t cause cachexia

Question 10

sarcomas are defined as

Answer 10

malignant neoplasms arising in mesenchymal tissue or its derivatives

Question 11

leukemias or lymphomas are

Answer 11

malignant tumors arising from mesenchymal cells of blood

Question 12

characteristics of malignant tumors

Answer 12

• invasive replacing tissue
• can recur
• may metastasize
• grow quickly
• can cause cachexia

Question 13

mixed tumors are

Answer 13

when tumor cells undergo divergent differentiation

Question 14

teratoma are

Answer 14

mixed tumor that originate from totipotential germ cells

Question 15

the fundamental features by which benign and malignant tumors can be distinguished

Answer 15

• differentiation and anaplasia
• rate of growth
• local invasion
• metastasis

Question 16

lack of differentiation is called

Answer 16

anaplasia

Question 17

dysplasia is known as

Answer 17

disordered but non-neoplastic proliferation (vary in size and shape)

Question 18

differentiation refers to

Answer 18

extent that neoplastic cells resemble normal cells

Question 19

rate of growth depends on

Answer 19

doubling time of tumor cells, number of cells remaining in preoperative pool and rate that cells die

Question 20

benign neoplasm often develop

Answer 20

fibrous capsule

Question 21

cancer grow by

Answer 21

• progressive infiltration
• invasion
• destruction
• penetration of surrounding tissue

Question 22

how are metastatic cancers spread

Answer 22

• direct seeding of body cavities
• lymphatic spread
• hematogenous spread (liver/lungs)

Question 23

what affect does acquired preneoplastic lesion have on

Answer 23

increase likelihood of malignancy

Question 24

what are the four classes of normal regulatory genes that are principal targets of genetic damage

Answer 24

• growth promoting proto oncogene
• growth inhibiting tumor suppressor genes
• genes that regulate apoptosis
• genes involved in DNA repair

Question 25

proto oncogenes are

Answer 25

normal genes that regulate growth, cell division, and ability to adhere to other cells

Question 26

tumor suppressor genes are genes that

Answer 26

prevent uncontrolled cell division

Question 27

a mutation to tumor suppressor genes leads to

Answer 27

predisposition of cancer

Question 28

a mutation to proto oncogenes may lead to

Answer 28

cause it to become an oncogene

Question 29

types of genetic lesion in cancer are

Answer 29

- point mutation - insertion/deletion/translocation - chromosome changes - amplification - gene silencing - exogenous sequences

Question 30

what are epigenetic modifications

Answer 30

- DNA methylation - histone tail modification

Question 31

what are the hallmarks of cancer

Answer 31

1&2: proliferated cell growth 3: cells don't die easily 4: cells divide forever 5: cells get more blood supply 6: cells escape and spread

Question 32

why do cells get more blood supply in cancer

Answer 32

fast growing cells need more nutrients and get rid of more waste

Question 33

due to a larger amount of cells seen in cancer, what do cancer cells induce

Answer 33

angiogenesis by signaling VEGF

Question 34

in tissue invasion and metastasis what occurs

Answer 34

primary tumor spawn pioneer cells that move out founding new colonies

Question 35

what are the steps for invasion-metastasis cascade

Answer 35

- local invasion - intravasation into blood lymph vessels - transit through vasculature - extravasation - formation of micrometastases - growth of micrometastases

Question 36

what the classes of carcinogenic agents

Answer 36

- chemicals - radiant energy - microbial agents