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Pathobio and host defense > Inflammation and repair > Flashcards

Inflammation and repair Flashcards

1
Q

what is the purpose of inflammation

A

protective response intended to eliminate cause of cell injury

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2
Q

Inflammation is part of what type of immunity

A

innate immunity

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3
Q

characteristics of acute inflammation

A

sudden and short term

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4
Q

characteristics of chronic immunity

A

gradual and prolonged

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5
Q

inflammation is induced by ______ produced by _____

A

chemical mediators; injured host cells

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6
Q

when a tissue is injured, different cells secrete _____ that _____ and ____ inflammatory response

A

chemokines; induce and regulate

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7
Q

what are the main components of inflammation

A
  • vascular changes (vasodilation and increased vascular permeability)
  • cellular events (cellular recruitment and activation)
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8
Q

what are the Five Rs of inflammatory response

A
  1. recognition of injurious agent
  2. recruitment of WBCs
  3. removal of agent
  4. regulation of the response
  5. repair (resolution)
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9
Q

what are the cardinal signs of inflammation

A

Heat, redness, swelling, pain, and loss of function

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10
Q

what causes redness

A

dilation of arterioles and increase blood flow

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11
Q

what causes heat

A

increased chemical activity and increase blood flow to surface

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12
Q

what causes swelling

A

accumulation of blood and damaged tissue cells

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13
Q

what causes pain

A

direct injury of nerve fibers, pressure

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14
Q

what causes loss of function

A

increased pain/swelling

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15
Q

the primary cause of redness, heat, swelling/edema is

A

histamine which increases fluid into tissue

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16
Q

the primary cause of pain is

A

bradykinin and PGE2

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17
Q

major local manifestations of acute inflammation are

A
  1. vascular dilation and increased blood flow (erythema and heat)
  2. extravasation of plasma fluid and proteins (edema)
  3. leukocyte emigration and accumulation
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18
Q

how do cell recognize presence of potentially harmful agents

A

immune cells have pattern recognition receptors designed to sense presence of pathogens (toll like receptors and inflammasome)

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19
Q

what are toll like receptors

A

microbial sensors on plasma membrane or endosomes that recognize extraceullar and ingested microbes

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20
Q

what are the functions of toll like receptors

A

activates transcriptions factors that stimulate production of secreted and membrane proteins that promote lymphocyte activation

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21
Q

what are inflammasome

A

multiprotein cytoplasmic complex that recognize products of dead cells

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22
Q

what is the function of inflammasome

A

activates caspase-1 resulting in WBC recruitment

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23
Q

interstitial fluid accumulation is caused by

A

increased hydrostatic pressure

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24
Q

protein rich fluid accumulation is typical in

A

inflammation

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25
Q

what are the mechanisms involved in increased vascular permeability

A
  • endothelial cell contraction leading to gaps in post capillary venules
  • endothelial injury
  • increased transcytosis of proteins
  • leaking from new blood vessels
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26
Q

what role do lymphatic response have in inflammation

A

increase lymph flow and help remove excess water, WBC, debris from extravascular space

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27
Q

lymphangitis is

A

inflamed lymphatics

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28
Q

lymphadenitis is

A

inflamed lymph nodes

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29
Q

leukocyte work to

A

ingest agents, kill bacteria, and eliminate necrotic tissue

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30
Q

the steps for leukocyte recruitment are

A
  1. margination and rolling
  2. adhesion
  3. transmigration
  4. migration
31
Q

define what occurs at margination

A

when leukocytes accumulate at periphery of vessels

32
Q

what occurs during rolling

A

cytokines activate endothelial cells, express adhesion molecules to which WBCs attach loosely

33
Q

what occurs during adhesion

A

mediated by integrins expressed on WBC interacting with their ligand on endothelial cells

34
Q

in diapedesis,

A

WBCs migrate through vessel wall

35
Q

WBC move towards site of injury by what

A

chemotaxis

36
Q

how are leukocytes activated

A

by microbes products of necrotic cells and chemical mediators

37
Q

leukocyte activation promotes:

A
  • phagocytosis
  • release substances to destroy microbes
  • produce chemical mediators
38
Q

what are the phagocytosis steps

A
  1. recognition and attachment
  2. engulfment and formation of phagocytic vacuole
  3. killing and degradation of ingested material
39
Q

what causes injury to normal cells and tissues

A
  • defense against difficult infections
  • autoimmune reactions
  • XS host reaction
40
Q

what are the possible outcomes to acute inflammation

A
  • resolution
  • chronic inflammation
  • scarring (fibrosis)
41
Q

characteristics of serous inflammation

A

skin blister from burn or viral infection

42
Q

characteristics of fibrinous inflammation

A

due to see injuries that result in exudate of fibrinogen leading to fibrin

43
Q

characteristics of ulcerative inflammation

A

ulcer on surface of organ

44
Q

characteristics of supurative (purulent) inflammation

A

presence of large amounts of purulent exudate (pus) and edema fluid

45
Q

cell derived mediators

A
  • vasoactive amines
  • arachidonic acid metabolites
  • platelet activating factor
  • cytokines
  • reactive oxygen species
  • nitric oxide
  • lysosomal enzymes of WBC
  • neuropeptides
46
Q

plasma protein derived mediators include

A
  • complement proteins
  • coagulation protein
  • kinins
47
Q

complement proteins are responsible for

A

leukocyte chemotaxis, opsonization, and phagocytosis of microbes and cell kiling

48
Q

coagulation proteins are activated by

A

factor XII that will active the fibrinolytic system (triggers clotting, kinin and complement cascade)

49
Q

kinins are produced by

A

proteolytic; mediates vascular reaction and pain

50
Q

chronic inflammation is characterized by

A

inflation with mononuclear cells, tissue destruction induced by byproduct of inflammatory cells, and repair involving anigogenesis and fibrosis

51
Q

what cells is most dominant in chronic inflammation

A

macrophages

52
Q

how are macrophages activated

A
  • by microbial products
  • induced by cytokines
53
Q

role of lymphocytes in chronic inflammation

A

migrate to injury sites

54
Q

B cells develop to what in tissues

A

plasma cells and CD4+ lymphocytes

55
Q

eosinophils are found in

A

parasitics inflammatory response mediated by IgE (allergies)

56
Q

Mast cells are …

A

sentinel cells in connective tissue. produce cytokines (TNF, chemokines)

57
Q

granulomatous inflammation known as

A
  • clusters of T cell activated macrophages to engulf foreign bodies
58
Q

what are the most important mediators of acute phase reaction

A

TNF, IL-1, and IL-6

59
Q

system effects of acute phase response

A
  • fever
  • plasma levels of acute phase proteins
  • leukocytosis
60
Q

repair occurs by

A
  • regeneration of injured tissue (proliferation of uninjured cells)
  • scar formation (if tissue not capable of regeneration)
61
Q

what are the methods that macrophages are activated

A
  • induced by microbial products, T-cell signals, and foreign substances (classical)
  • induced by cytokines produced by T-cells, eosinophils and mast cells (alternative)
62
Q

what cell types proliferate during tissue repair

A

-remnants of injured tissue
- vascular endothelial cells
- fibroblasts

63
Q

body tissue can be divided into what kinds of tissues

A
  • labile tissue
  • stable tissue
  • permeant tissue
64
Q

describe labile tissues

A

continuously lost and replaced by stem cells (bone marrow hematopoietic cells, epithelial cells)

65
Q

describe stable tissues

A

quiescent with minimal proliferative capacity (parenchyma of solid tissues, endothelial cells, smooth muscle fibers, fibroblasts)

66
Q

describe permanet tissues

A

postnatally terminally differentiated and non proliferative (cardiac muscle)

67
Q

what is extracellular matrix made up of

A

collagen, glycoproteins, basement membranes underlying epithelia and surrounding vessels

68
Q

what function does ECM serve

A
  • provide mechanical support to tissues (collagen and elastin)
  • acts as substrate for cell growth
  • regulates cell proliferation and differentiation
69
Q

steps in scar formation are

A
  • angiogenesis
  • activation of fibroblasts
  • remodeling
70
Q

angiogenesis is

A

process of new blood vessels development from existing vessels

71
Q

angiogenesis is critical in

A
  • healing injury
  • development of collateral circulation at sites of ischemia
  • allowing tumors to growth
72
Q

activation of fibroblasts and deposition of connective tissue occurs in two steps:

A
  • migration and proliferation of fibroblasts into injury site
  • deposition of ECM protein
73
Q

what growth factors are involved in activation of fibroblasts

A

TGF-Beta, PDGF, FGF

Pathobio and host defense (7 decks)

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