Environmental and nutritional diseases

Question 1

define a toxicant

Answer 1

a chemical or physical agent including dust, fibers, noises, and radiation

Question 2

define toxicity:

Answer 2

the property of a toxicant describing effects on organisms

Question 3

define xenobiotics

Answer 3

exogenous chemicals in environment that can be absorbed by inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact

Question 4

the most important enzymes in Phase 1 reactions of xenobiotics is

Answer 4

cytochrome P-450 system

Question 5

describe Phase 1 reactions of xenobiotics

Answer 5

xenobiotics converted to polar hydroxylated derivatives

Question 6

describe phase 2 reactions of xenobiotics

Answer 6

derivatives are conjugated with glucuronic acid, sulfate or glutathione. they are more water solute and excreted in urine or bile

Question 7

What byproduct is produced in phase 1 and 2

Answer 7

ROS which can cause cell injury

Question 8

what can CO cause to the human body

Answer 8

systemic asphyxiation with CNS depression

Question 9

what are the most common heavy metals

Answer 9

lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium

Question 10

lead poisoning effects

Answer 10

encephalopathy, nephropathy, and bone marrow, blood, GI and kidneys

Question 11

major source of mercury and mercury poisoning effects

Answer 11

contaminated fish and dental amalgams
- cerebral palsy, deaf blind, CNS defects

Question 12

major source of arsenic and arsenic poisoning effects

Answer 12

soil and water, herbicides
- interferes with mitochondria oxidative phosphoration, skin changes, sensimotor neuropathy, increase risk of cancer

Question 13

major source of cadmium and cadmium poisoning effects

Answer 13

rechargeable batteries
- obstructive lung disease and kidney damage

Question 14

adverse effects of tobacco smoking

Answer 14

cancer, myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, chronic bronchitis, emphysema

Question 15

risk factors of maternal smoking

Answer 15

abortion, premature birth, and growth redardation

Question 16

main effects of chronic alcoholism

Answer 16

fatty liver, alcohol hepatitis, cirrhosis, increase risk of hepatocellular carcinoma

Question 17

factors that affect type of injury from mechanical trauma

Answer 17

• type of object
• amount of energy absorbed
• tissue/organ affected at point of impact
• patterns of injury

Question 18

define abrasion, contusion, incision, laceration, penetrating wound, puncture wound

Answer 18

• scraping or rubbing away of skin
• closed wound from blow (bruise)
• open clean straight edges
• open torn jagged edges
• open skin is pierced
• open made by sharp object

Question 19

factors that affect severity of any burn injury

Answer 19

• type of burn
• % of body surface area
• depth and site of injury
• presence of infection
• complication

Question 20

classification of first degree burns

Answer 20

(superficial burn)
- hyperemia without epidermal damage
- confined to epidermis

Question 21

classification of second degree burns

Answer 21

blistering and destruction of epidermis
- damage to underlying dermis

Question 22

classification of third degree burns

Answer 22

damage to epidermis, dermis and dermal appendages
- requires skin grafting

Question 23

what is hyperthermia

Answer 23

elevation of body temperature

Question 24

what can hyperthermia cause

Answer 24

heat exhaustion, heat cramps, and heat stroke

Question 25

what is hypothermia

Answer 25

decrease in body temperature

Question 26

what can hypothermia cause

Answer 26

frostnip, frostbite and coma

Question 27

what can electrical injury cause

Answer 27

cutaneous burns, arrhythmias, cardiac arrest, respiratory arrest, ventricular fibrillation

Question 28

what are the effects of ionizing radiation on DNA and consequences

Answer 28

cell death, teratogenesis, carcinogenesis, fibrosis, and mutagensis

Question 29

primary malnutrition is

Answer 29

due to inadequate or excess food intake

Question 30

secondary malnutrition

Answer 30

cured by malabsorption, impaired utilization, XS losses

Question 31

marasmus is a form of

Answer 31

severe PEM that results from negative energy balance
- characterized by severe wasting (body weight less than 60%)
- loss of fat
- muscle wasting

Question 32

kwashiorkor is a characterized by

Answer 32

protein deficiency
- fluid retention (edema)
- dry
peeling skin
- children 6 months to 3 years

Question 33

what is anorexia nervosa

Answer 33

self induced starvation resulting in marked weight loss

Question 34

what is the criteria for anorexia nervosa

Answer 34

• amenorrhea (absence of menstration)
• distorted perception of weight, size and body
• inability to maintain normal weight for age

Question 35

what is bulimia

Answer 35

recurrent and compulsive overeating followed by vomiting or use of laxatives to avoid weight gain