Environmental and nutritional diseases Flashcards
define a toxicant
a chemical or physical agent including dust, fibers, noises, and radiation
define toxicity:
the property of a toxicant describing effects on organisms
define xenobiotics
exogenous chemicals in environment that can be absorbed by inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact
the most important enzymes in Phase 1 reactions of xenobiotics is
cytochrome P-450 system
describe Phase 1 reactions of xenobiotics
xenobiotics converted to polar hydroxylated derivatives
describe phase 2 reactions of xenobiotics
derivatives are conjugated with glucuronic acid, sulfate or glutathione. they are more water solute and excreted in urine or bile
What byproduct is produced in phase 1 and 2
ROS which can cause cell injury
what can CO cause to the human body
systemic asphyxiation with CNS depression
what are the most common heavy metals
lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium
lead poisoning effects
encephalopathy, nephropathy, and bone marrow, blood, GI and kidneys
major source of mercury and mercury poisoning effects
contaminated fish and dental amalgams
- cerebral palsy, deaf blind, CNS defects
major source of arsenic and arsenic poisoning effects
soil and water, herbicides
- interferes with mitochondria oxidative phosphoration, skin changes, sensimotor neuropathy, increase risk of cancer
major source of cadmium and cadmium poisoning effects
rechargeable batteries
- obstructive lung disease and kidney damage
adverse effects of tobacco smoking
cancer, myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, chronic bronchitis, emphysema
risk factors of maternal smoking
abortion, premature birth, and growth redardation
main effects of chronic alcoholism
fatty liver, alcohol hepatitis, cirrhosis, increase risk of hepatocellular carcinoma
factors that affect type of injury from mechanical trauma
- type of object
- amount of energy absorbed
- tissue/organ affected at point of impact
- patterns of injury
define abrasion, contusion, incision, laceration, penetrating wound, puncture wound
- scraping or rubbing away of skin
- closed wound from blow (bruise)
- open clean straight edges
- open torn jagged edges
- open skin is pierced
- open made by sharp object
factors that affect severity of any burn injury
- type of burn
- % of body surface area
- depth and site of injury
- presence of infection
- complication
classification of first degree burns
(superficial burn)
- hyperemia without epidermal damage
- confined to epidermis
classification of second degree burns
blistering and destruction of epidermis
- damage to underlying dermis
classification of third degree burns
damage to epidermis, dermis and dermal appendages
- requires skin grafting
what is hyperthermia
elevation of body temperature
what can hyperthermia cause
heat exhaustion, heat cramps, and heat stroke
what is hypothermia
decrease in body temperature
what can hypothermia cause
frostnip, frostbite and coma
what can electrical injury cause
cutaneous burns, arrhythmias, cardiac arrest, respiratory arrest, ventricular fibrillation
what are the effects of ionizing radiation on DNA and consequences
cell death, teratogenesis, carcinogenesis, fibrosis, and mutagensis
primary malnutrition is
due to inadequate or excess food intake
secondary malnutrition
cured by malabsorption, impaired utilization, XS losses
marasmus is a form of
severe PEM that results from negative energy balance
- characterized by severe wasting (body weight less than 60%)
- loss of fat
- muscle wasting
kwashiorkor is a characterized by
protein deficiency
- fluid retention (edema)
- dry
peeling skin
- children 6 months to 3 years
what is anorexia nervosa
self induced starvation resulting in marked weight loss
what is the criteria for anorexia nervosa
- amenorrhea (absence of menstration)
- distorted perception of weight, size and body
- inability to maintain normal weight for age
what is bulimia
recurrent and compulsive overeating followed by vomiting or use of laxatives to avoid weight gain
