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Pathobio and host defense > Diseases of Immune system > Flashcards

Diseases of Immune system Flashcards

1
Q

define innate immunity

A

mechanisms that react to infections before infection to recognize and combat microbes

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2
Q

define adaptive immunity

A

mechanisms stimulated by microbes that recognize microbial/nonmicrobial substances

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3
Q

what are the major components in innate immunity

A

mucose membranes, phagocytic cells, NK cells, and plasma proteins

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4
Q

what are major components in adaptive immunity

A

lymphocytes and their products

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5
Q

what immunity involves memory

A

adaptive

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6
Q

what are the two types of adaptive immune responses

A
  • antibody-mediated immunity (humoral immunity)
  • cell mediated immunity (cellular immunity)
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7
Q

what lymphocyte is found in antibody mediated immunity

A

B lymphocytes

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8
Q

what lymphocyte is found in cell mediated immunity

A

T lymphocytes

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9
Q

what is the function of antibody mediated immunity

A

antibodies provide protection vs extracellular microbes in body fluids

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10
Q

what is the function of cell mediated immunity

A

T cells provide protection vs intracellular microbes by killing infected cells or activating phagocytic cells by cytokines

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11
Q

naturally acquired active immunity is defined as

A

antigens entering body naturally; body induces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes

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12
Q

naturally acquired passive immunity is defined as

A

antibodies passed on from mother to fetus

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13
Q

artificially acquired active immunity is defined as

A

antigens introduced by vaccines; body produces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes

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14
Q

artificially acquired passive immunity is defined as

A

preformed antibodies in immune serum are introduced by injection

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15
Q

how are T lymphocytes activated in cell mediated immunity

A

Naive T lymphocytes are activated by antigen

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16
Q

what is the mechanism of action seen in cell mediated immunity

A

active T lymphocytes proliferate and differentiate to site where antigen is

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17
Q

hypersensitivity is defined as

A

reflection of excessive or aberrant immune response

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18
Q

what do CD4+ helper T cells secrete

A

they secrete cytokine IL-2 which stimulates proliferation

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19
Q

T cells express CD40L that engages with

A

CD40 that activates macrophages and B cells

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20
Q

in antibody mediated immunity, B lymphocytes proliferate and differentiate into

A

plasma cells and secrete antibodies

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21
Q

what are the different pathways that antibody mediated immunity can result in

A
  • neutralization of microbes and toxins
  • opsonization and phagocytosis of microbes
  • antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (NK cell)
  • activation of complement activation
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22
Q

hypersensitivity reaction type 1 is characterized by

A
  • immediate hypersensitivity
  • manifests in minutes
  • interaction of antigen with IgE on surface of mast cells
23
Q

what are the three phases in type 1 hypersensitivity

A
  • sensitization phase
  • activation phase (early allergic response)
  • late allergic response
24
Q

once mast cells are activated, what occurs

A

they release chemical mediates

25
Q

what is the immediate response seen in mast cell activation

A
  • vasodilation
  • vascular leakage
  • smooth muscle spasm
26
Q

what is late phase reaction seen in mast cell activation

A
  • leukocyte inflitration
  • epithelial damage
  • bronchospasm
27
Q

hypersensitivity reaction type 2 disease are caused by

A

antibodies directed against target antigens on surface of cells

28
Q

type 2 hypersensitivity involves what antibodies that causes what

A

IgG or IgM that induces damage to self cells

29
Q

mechanism of antibody mediated diseases are

A
  • opsonization and phagocytosis
  • inflammation
  • antibody mediated cellular dysfunction
30
Q

in hypersensitivity reaction type 3 what occurs

A

antigen-antibody deposit in blood vessels resulting in complement activation and acute inflammation

31
Q

what are the phases of disease in hypersensitivity reaction type 3

A
  1. formation of Ag-Ab complexes in the circulation
  2. deposition of immune complexes in various tissues
  3. inflammation reaction and destruction of host tissue
32
Q

what is mechanism of cytokine-mediated inflammation

A

CD4+ T cells activated by exposure to antigen and differentiate into TH1 & TH17 effector cells. Subsequent exposure results in cytokine secretion causing inflammation

33
Q

self tolerance is the

A

lack of immune responsiveness to one’s own antigens

34
Q

autoimmunity results from

A

failure to self tolerance

35
Q

in central tolerance what occurs

A

immature lymphocytes that recognize self antigenes killed by apoptosis; in B cells, they switch to new antigen receptors that are not self reactive

36
Q

in peripheral tolerance what occurs

A

mature lymphocytes that recognize self antigens become inactive, suppressed or die

37
Q

what are common autoimmune disease

A
  • systemic lupus erythematosus
  • rheumatoid arthritis
38
Q

rejection in transplants involves

A

both cell and antibody mediated reactions

39
Q

what are the different types of transplants

A

autograft, allograft, isograft, xenograft

40
Q

what is the function of Helper T lymphocytes

A

stimulate B lymphocytes to make antibodies

41
Q

what is the function of cytotoxic T lymphocytes

A

kill infected cells

42
Q

what is the function of regulatory T lymphocytes

A

limit immune response and prevent reaction against self antigent

43
Q

what is the function of B lymphocytes

A

produce antibody molecules

44
Q

what is the function of dendritic cells

A

they are antigen presenting cells that initiate T cell response

45
Q

what different functions do macrophages have

A
  • phagocytosized microbes and protein antigens present peptide fragments to T cells
46
Q

what is the function of NK cells

A

destroy virus infected cells and tumor cells

47
Q

autograft are

A

transplant of tissue to the same person

48
Q

allograft are

A

transplants of organ/tissue between two genetically non identical members

49
Q

isograft are

A

transplants from donor to genetically identical recepient

50
Q

xenograft are

A

transplant of organs/tissue from one species to another

51
Q

what is mechanism of T-cell mediated cytotoxicity

A

CD8+ TCLs recognize antigen and kill cells

52
Q

what is mechanism in direct recognition of allograft

A

Host T cells recognize allogenic MHC on graft cells

53
Q

what is mechanism in indirect recognition of allograft

A

Host CD4+ T cells recognize donor MHC

Pathobio and host defense (7 decks)

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