Infectious disease Flashcards

1
Q

define infectious disease

A

disease caused by bacterium, virus, protozoan, or fungus

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2
Q

define infection

A

occurs when infectious agent enters the body and begins to reproduce

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3
Q

define pathogen

A

infectious agent that causes disease

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4
Q

define host

A

an organism infected by another organism

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5
Q

define virulence

A

relative ability of agent to cause rapid and severe disease

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6
Q

categories of infectious agents

A

-prion
-viruses
-bacteria
-fungi
-protozoa
-helminths
-ectoparasites

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7
Q

prions are characterized by …

A

spongiform change caused intracellular vacuoles in neurons and glia

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8
Q

prions are composed of

A

abnormal forms of host protein

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9
Q

prions cause what type of disease

A

transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (neurodegenerative disorder)

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10
Q

creutzfeldt Jakob disease has symptoms of

A

loss of cognitive ability, decrease in ability to move and memory loss

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11
Q

what is seen in Creutzfeldt Jakob disease

A

prions build up and cause brain to shrink and tissue fills with holes

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12
Q

viruses are defined as

A

obligate cellular parasites that replicate inside living cells

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13
Q

viruses replicate by doing what

A

by replicating nucleic acid and synthesis of viral protein

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14
Q

how are bacteria classified

A
  • by gram staining
  • by shape
  • by need of O2
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15
Q

gram positive bacteria have

A

thick wall that retains crystal violet stain

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16
Q

gram negative bacteria have

A

thin cell wall surrounded by an outer membrane

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17
Q

types of bacteria are

A
  • cocci
  • bacilli
  • spiral
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18
Q

characteristics of cocci bacteria

A
  • round shaped and cause pneumonia and sepsis
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19
Q

characteristics of bacilli bacteria

A
  • rod shaped
  • single, pairs, or in chains
  • causes serious diseases
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20
Q

characteristics of spirila bacteria

A
  • shaped like spirals
  • very motile
  • need moist atmosphere
  • live in reproductive tract
  • leptospirosis
21
Q

what different methods can bacteria damage hosts

A
  1. producing enzymes that destroy tissue
  2. producing poisonous toxins
  3. exotoxins released into surroundings
22
Q

what can exotoxins cause

A
  1. inhibit protein synthesis
  2. damage cell membrane
  3. interfere with normal nerve function
23
Q

what are the different types of fungal infections (Mycoses)

A
  • superficial mycoses
  • subcutaneous mycoses
  • systemic mycoses
  • allergic mycoses
  • endemic mycoses
24
Q

what area do superficial mycoses affect

A

affect skin, hair, nails

25
Q

what area do subcutaneous mycoses affect

A

affect muscle and connective tissue below skin

26
Q

what area do systemic mycoses affect

A

involve internal organs

27
Q

what area do allergic mycoses affect

A

affect lungs or sinuses
- have chronic asthma, cystic fibrosis or sinusitis

28
Q

what are endemic mycosis

A

infections restricted to certain areas (histoplasma in Ohio river valley)

29
Q

histoplasmosis and blastomycosis are endemic to which region

A

Mississippi river

30
Q

paracoccidiodes brasiliensis endemic to which region

A

south america especially Brazil

31
Q

coccidiodes immitis is endemic in which region

A

southwestern USA and north mexico

32
Q

what are the morphological classification of protozoa

A
  • amoebas
  • flagellates
  • cliliophroa
  • coccidian
33
Q

diseases caused by protozoans include

A

-malaria, dysentery, giardiasis, sleeping sickness, toxoplasmosis

34
Q

characteristics of helminths

A
  • macroscopic, multicellular and eukaryotic
  • lack digestive system and locomotion
  • reduced nervous system
35
Q

two major phyla of helminths are

A
  • nemathelminthes (roundworms)
  • Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
  • Trematoda (flukes)
  • Cestoda (tapeworms)
36
Q

what location in the body are helminths common and what places

A

common in intestinal tract and places with poor sanitation

37
Q

ectoparasites are what

A

insects or arachnids that attach to and live on the skin

38
Q

what can ectoparasites cause

A

itching and excoriations

39
Q

patterns of infection include

A
  • localized infection
  • systemic infection
  • focal infection
40
Q

patterns of transmission are

A
  • horizontal (infected person to person)
  • vertical transmission (parent to offspring)
41
Q

define localized, systemic, and focal infection

A

localized: microbes enter body and stay at confined space
systemic: infection spreads by the bloodstream
focal: infectious agent breaks and from local infection and carried to other tissues

42
Q

bacteria damage to host cells depends on what

A

ability to adhere to host cells, invade cells, or deliver toxins

43
Q

LPS is what

A

toxin found in gram negative bacteria

44
Q

MTB causes what

A

granulomatous inflammation -> delayed hypersensitivity to prevent spread of bacilli

45
Q

HBV and HCV cause what

A

liver damage due to infected hepatocyte

46
Q

what are the mechanisms that help microorganisms resist immune system

A
  • antigenic variation
  • resistance to innate defenses
  • impairment of T cell response
  • resistance to phagocytosis
  • resistance to ROS
  • resistance to complement activation
  • resistance to antibiotics
47
Q

what are the five major histological patterns tissue reaction to infections

A
  • suppurative inflammation
  • mononuclear/granulmatous
  • cytopathic cytoproliferative reaction
  • tissue necrosis
  • chronic inflammation and scarring
48
Q

suppurative or purulent inflammation is characterized by

A

production of large amounts of pus consisting of neutrophils, necrotic cells and edema fluid

49
Q

what bacteria induces suppurative inflammation

A

staphylococci