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Pathobio and host defense > MIDTERM > Flashcards

MIDTERM Flashcards

1
Q

define isograft

A

subset of allograft from donor to genetically identical person

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2
Q

define pyknosis

A

nuclear shrinkage and increased basophilia

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3
Q

morphological manifestations seen in irreversible tissue injury

A
  • plasma membrane disruption
  • mitochondria swelling and leaking
  • ER massive disruption and fragmentation
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4
Q

morphological manifestations seen in reversible tissue injury

A
  • cellular swelling : due to failure of energy dependent ion pumps
  • fatty change: occurs in hypoxic injury
  • ER: dilation with detachment of polysomes
  • mitochondria: modest swelling
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5
Q

describe adaptive immunity

A

mechanisms stimulated by microbes that recognize microbial/nonmicrobial substances

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6
Q

general principals of microbial pathogenesis

A
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7
Q

what is a superbug

A

bacteria resistant to most antibiotics

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8
Q

define autograft

A

transplant of tissue to same person

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9
Q

mercury poisoning caused from ______ and causes _____

A

contained fish and dental amalgams; cerebral palsy, deaf, blindness, CNS defects (Minamata disease)

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10
Q

what is artificially acquired passive immunity

A

preformed antibodies in immune serum introduced by injection

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11
Q

what is pleomorphism

A

variation in size and shape (seen in dysplasia)

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12
Q

fibrinoid necrosis is characterized by

A

necrosis in arteries, arterioles, venues, and glomerular capillaries
- due to antigen and antibodies depositing in walls of arteries

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13
Q

fat necrosis is characterized by

A
  • calcium soaps, dull opaque white patches
  • occurs in hemorrhagic pancreatitis
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14
Q

caseous necrosis is characterized by

A

-necrotic tissue is yellowish-white and cheesy
- seen in tuberculous lesions

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15
Q

liquefactive necrosis is characterized by

A
  • necrotic tissue rapidly liquefied
  • infarction of brain and spinal cord
  • pyogenic abscess: necrotic core liquefied by proteolytic enzymes
  • necrotic material creamy yellow due to pus
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16
Q

coagulative necrosis is characterized by

A
  • sudden cut of the blood supply
  • denaturation of proteins making tissue hard opaque white
  • seen in infarcts
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17
Q

patterns of tissue necrosis are

A

coagulative, liquefaction, fat, caseous, fibrinoid, gangrenous

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18
Q

define neoplasia

A

new growth due to disorder of cell growth

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19
Q

cadmium poisoning caused from ______ and causes _____

A

rechargeable batteries; obstructive lung disease and kidney damage

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20
Q

effects of chronic alcoholism

A

alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, gastritis, gastric ulcer, peripheral neuropathies, wernicke korasfoff syndrome, heart disease, fetal alcohol syndrome

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21
Q

atrophy and dysplasia

A

shrinkage in size of cells

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22
Q

specific defense include

A
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23
Q

types of immunoglobulins

A
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24
Q

cellular adaptations

A
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25
Q

mechanical trauma injury depends on

A
  • type of object
  • amount of energy discharged
  • tissue/organ affected at point of impact
  • patterns of injury
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26
Q

what is source of prostaglandins and what is its action

A

source: mast cells leukocytes
action: vasodilation, pain, fever

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27
Q

what is source of serotonin and what is its action

A

source: platelets
action: vasocontrictor

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28
Q

what cells release bradykinin and what is its function

A

source: derived from plasma proteins
action: increases vascular permeability, contraction of smooth muscle, dilation of blood vessels, pain

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29
Q

what cells release histamine and what is its action

A

source: mast cells, basophils, platelets
action: vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, endothelial activation

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30
Q

types of hypersensitivity reactions

A
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31
Q

effects of tobacco

A

oral/lung cancer, bronchitis, emphysema, COPD, myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis

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32
Q

define infectious disease

A

disease caused by bacteria, virus, protozoa, fungus

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33
Q

clinical aspects of malignant neoplasia are

A

grow rapidly, may ulcerate, invade into deeper tissues, may spread, and cause weight loss

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34
Q

define pus

A

purulent exudate, inflammatory exudate rich in leukocytes (neutrophils) debris of dead cells

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35
Q

non specific defense include

A
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36
Q

irreversible tissue injury

A
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37
Q

what can occur in hypothermia

A

loss of consciousness, bradycardia, atrial fibrillation, frostbite, frostnip

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38
Q

injuries from acetaminophen

A

hepatocellular intrise, centrilobular necrosis, liver failure

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39
Q

causes of tissue injury

A

hypoxia, chemical agents, infectious agents, immunological reactions, genetic factors, nutritional imbalances, physical agents, aging

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40
Q

define dysplasia

A

disordered but non neoplastic proliferation

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41
Q

characteristics of acute inflammation

A

sudden and short term

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42
Q

the cells of immune response are

A
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43
Q

define Karyorrhexis

A

pyknotic nucleus undergoes fragmentation

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44
Q

what causes hypothermia

A

prolonged exposure to low temperatures

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45
Q

define pathogen

A

an infectious agent that causes disease

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46
Q

how are bacteria classified

A
  • gram stain
  • need of O2
  • shape
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47
Q

characteristics of malignant tumors are

A
  • invasive replacing adjacent tissue
  • often recur
  • may metastasize
  • grow quickly
  • may cause cachexia
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48
Q

clinical aspects of benign neoplasia are

A

slow growing and depending on location may be asymptomatic (lipoma) or symptomatic (meningioma)

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49
Q

what are third degree burns

A

full thickness burns extend to subcutaneous tissue
- damage to muscle tissue under subcutaneous tissue

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50
Q

cardinal signs of inflammation are

A

heat (calor), redness (rubor), swelling (tumor), pain (dolor), and loss of function (functio laesa)

51
Q

injuries by physical agents include

A
  • trauma
  • heat or cold
  • radiation
  • electric shock
52
Q

define transudate

A

fluid with low protein content (mostly albumin), no cellular material

53
Q

what are the different categories of infectious agents

A

prions, viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, helminths, and ectoparasites

54
Q

tumor nomenclature

A
55
Q

define abrasion, contusion, incision, laceration, penetrating wound, puncture wound

A
  • scraping or rubbing away of skin
  • closed wound from blow (bruise)
  • open clean straight edges
  • open torn jagged edges
  • open skin is pierced
  • open made by sharp object
56
Q

vitamin A deficiency

A

impaired vision (night blindness), epithelial metaplasia, keratinization, xerophthalmia (dry eye), blindness

57
Q

what are predisposing disease and risk factors for cancer

A
58
Q

what is artificially acquired active immunity

A

antigens introduced in vaccines

59
Q

describe opiates and injuries from opiates

A

CNS depression; respiratory depression, arrhythmia, cardiac arrest, cutaneous lesions

60
Q

purulent (suppurative) inflammation is characterized by

A
  • production of pus and edema fluid
  • associated with staphylococci
  • abscesses: localized collection of purulent inflammation
61
Q

fibrinous inflammation is characterized by

A
  • fibrinous exudate due to large vascular leaks
  • inflammation of meninges, pericardium, pleura
62
Q

cell mediated immunity is performed by what cells and what is its function

A

t lymphocytes; provide protection vs intracellular microbes

63
Q

antibody mediated immunity is performed by what cells and what is its function

A

B lymphocytes; antibodies provide protection vs extracellular microbes in body fluids

64
Q

dominant cells in chronic inflammation is

A

macrophages

65
Q

chronic inflammation is characterized by

A
  • infiltration with mononuclear cells (macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells)
  • tissue destruction
  • attempts of healing (fibrosis)
66
Q

vasodilation is induced by ___ and results in ____

A

histamine; increases blood flow and causes heat and redness (erythema)

67
Q

serous inflammation is marked by

A
  • exudation of cell poor fluid to site of injury
  • low leukocyte #s
  • from skin blister from burn or viral infection
68
Q

the major components of acute inflammation are

A
  1. dilation of vessels to increase blood flow
  2. increased permeability
  3. emigration of leukocytes
69
Q

morphological patterns of acute inflammation and examples

A

serous inflammation, fibrinous inflammation, ulcerative inflammation, suppurative inflammation

70
Q

hallmarks of cancer are

A
  1. self sufficiency in growth signals
  2. insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals
  3. absence of apoptosis
  4. limitless proliferative capacity
  5. sustained angiogenesis
  6. tissue innovation and metastasis
  7. reprogramming of metabolic pathways
  8. ability to evade immune system
71
Q

injuries from oral contraceptives

A

increase risk of venous thrombosis and pulmonary thromboembolism, cervical carcinomas with women infected with papilloma virus (HPV)

72
Q

define allograft

A

transplant of organ or tissue between two genetically non identical people

73
Q

what is naturally acquired passive immunity

A

antibodies passed from mother to fetus via placenta or mothers milk

74
Q

define exudate

A

extravascular fluid that has high protein concentration and contains cellular dermis; implies increase permeability from injury

75
Q

define xenograft

A

transplant of organ from one species to another

76
Q

what occurs in hyperthermia

A

elevation in body temperature

77
Q

what can hyperthermia result in

A

heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke

78
Q

what are first degree burns

A

superficial burns confined to epidermis

79
Q

vitamin D deficiency

A

rickets and osteomalacia (skeletal diseases)

80
Q

the cellular adaptations to stress are

A

hypertrophy, atrophy, hyperplasia, and metaplasia

81
Q

define karyolysis

A

basophils of chromatin may fade

82
Q

injuries from anabolic steroids

A

stunted growth, acne, gynecomastia, testicular atrophy

83
Q

arsenic poisoning caused from ______ and causes _____

A

soil, water, herbicides; interferes with mitochondria oxidative phosphorylation, sensimotor neuropathy, skin changes and increase risk of cancer

84
Q

types of graft failures

A

hyper acute rejection, acute rejection, chronic rejection

85
Q

main categories of bioterrorism

A

Category A: easily transmitted
Category B: moderately easy to transmit
Category C: Emerging pathogens with potential for high mortality

86
Q

what are xenobiotics

A

exogenous chemicals from environment that can be absorbed through ingestion, inhalation, or skin contact

87
Q

molecular basis of carcinogenesis

A
88
Q

injuries from cocaine

A

sympathomimetic: tachycardia, hypertension, peripheral vasoconstriction, myocardial ischemia, coronary artery vasoconstriction

89
Q

describe opiates and injuries from opiates

A

CNS depression; respiratory depression, arrhythmia, cardiac arrest, cutaneous lesions

90
Q

what is thiamin (vitamin B1) deficiency and what are its causes

A

dry and wet beriberi, wernicke syndrome, Korsakoff syndrome (peripheral neuropathies, neural disorders)
- caused from chronic alcoholism

91
Q

define tumor

A

neoplasm

92
Q

what are second degree burns

A

partial thickness burns involving dermis

93
Q

injuries from aspirin

A

headaches, dizziness, tinnitus, mental confusion, vomiting

94
Q

describe innate immunity

A

mechanism that react to infections before infection to recognize and combat microbes

95
Q

characteristics of chronic inflammation

A

gradual and prolonged

96
Q

effects of acute alcoholism

A

fatty change, hepatic steatosis, acute gastritis, ulceration

97
Q

characteristics of benign tumors are

A
  • expansive compressing adjacent tissues
  • do not recur
  • do not metastasize
  • grow slowly
  • don’t cause cachexia
98
Q

lead poisoning caused from ______ and causes _____

A

lead containing paint; CNS defects and peripheral neuropathy, affect cartilage, hemoglobin synthesis, GI and kidneys

99
Q

thermal injuries depend on

A
  • type of burn
  • % of body surface area
  • depth and site of injury
  • presence of infection
  • complications
  • presence of inhalation injury
100
Q

what Is naturally acquired active immunity

A

antigen enter body naturally

101
Q

define infection

A

when infectious agent enters body and begins to reproduce; may or may not cause disease

102
Q

electrical injuries can include

A

cutaneous burns, arrhythmias, cardiac arrest, respiratory arrest, and ventricular fibrillation

103
Q

define anaplasia

A

lack of differentiation

104
Q

define apoptosis

A

normal phenomena that serves to eliminate cells no longer needed and to maintain constant number of cells

105
Q

what is the staging and grading criteria for cancers

A

grading: based on degree of differentiation
staging: size of lesion and event of spread
TNM: tumor, lymph node, metastases

106
Q

injuries from MHT

A

MHT increases risk of breast cancer, stroke, and venous thromboembolism

107
Q

describe marijuana and injuries from marijuana

A

used to treat nausea and cancer chemotherapy by decreasing pain

108
Q

antibody mediated immunity is performed by what cells and what is its function

A

B lymphocytes; antibodies provide protection vs extracellular microbes in body fluids

109
Q

type 1 hypersensitivity is triggered by

A
  • binding of an antigen to IgE on surface of mast cells
  • ALLERGIC REACTION
110
Q

type 2 hypersensitivity occurs due to

A
  • IgG and IgM antibodies that react with antigen present on cell surfaces
111
Q

type 3 hypersensitivity occurs due to

A

antigen antibody complexes produce tissue damage mainly by eliciting inflammation at site of deposition

112
Q

type 4 hypersensitivity occurs due to

A
  • inflammation resulting from cytokines produced by CD4 T cells and cell killing by CD8 T cells
  • reactions delayed days
113
Q

what risk factors increase risk of cancer development

A
  • infectious agents (human papilloma virus HPV)
  • smoking
  • alcohol consumption
114
Q

what acquired predisposing conditions increase chance of cancer

A
  • endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma
  • cervical leukoplakia and cervical squamous cell CA
  • oral leukoplakia
  • bronchial epithelial dysplasia
115
Q

onco genes are

A

cancer causing genes

116
Q

proto oncogenes are

A

normal genes that stimulate normal cell growth and division

117
Q

function of tumor suppressor genes

A

normally restrain cell growth

118
Q

for cancer to occur, what genes must be mutated

A

tumor suppressor genes must be turned off and Onco genes must be turned on

119
Q

role of natural killer cells

A
  • kill infected or damaged cells
120
Q

role of antigen presenting cells

A
  • capture microbes and display them for lymphocytes
121
Q

role of antibodies

A
  • neutralize microbes and block their infectivity and promote phagocytosis
122
Q

function of CD4+ helper T cells is to

A
  • help B cells secrete antibodies
  • activate macrophages
  • stimulate recruitment of leukocytes
123
Q

CD4+ T cells are mediated by

A

cytokines

124
Q

TH17 cells releases ____ and what is its function

A

IL-17; recruit neutrophils and monocytes to destroy bacteria and fungi

Pathobio and host defense (7 decks)

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