Neoplasia Flashcards
Abnormal mass of tissue w/ excessive and uncoordinated growth compared to that of normal tissues
Growth persists after cessation of the stimuli that evoked the growth
Neoplasm
LOCALIZED neoplasm
Usually end with - oma EXCEPT - seminoma, lymphoma, dysgerminoma, hepatoma (HCC) and melanoma
Benign Neoplasm
Neoplasms that INVADE and DESTROY adjacent tissues
Malignant Neoplasm
Malignant neoplasms of EPITHELIAL origin
Usually spread by LYMPHATIC route
i.e. colorectal adenocarcinoma
Carcinomas
Malignant neoplasms of MESENCHYMAL origin
Usually spread by HEMATOGENOUS route
i.e. uterine leiomyosarcoma
Sarcomas
Benign but DISORGANIZED appearance of tissue indigenous to a particular organ
i.e Peutz-Jegher polyp
Hamartoma
Cytologically and architecturally normal tissue in an ectopic location
i.e. Ectopic gastric tissue in Meckel diverticulum
Choristoma
Extent to which neoplastic cells resemble their normal forebears morphologically and functionally
Differentiation
Considered a HALLMARK of MALIGNANCY
“to form backward”
Used to describe cells w/ little or no differentiation
Anaplasia
Disorderly but non-neoplastic proliferation of cells
Loss of uniformity of individual cells and of their architectural orientation
Dysplasia
Dysplastic changes that involve the ENTIRE thickness of the epithelium WITHOUT violation of the basement membrane
Carcinoma in Situ
Fibrous tissue formation in response to neoplasm
Desmoplasia
Development of secondary implants discontinuous with the primary tumor in remote tissues
Identifies a neoplasm as MALIGNANT
Metastasis
The 2nd most reliable feature that distinguishes malignant from benign tumor
Local Invasiveness
Top 3 common cancers in CHILDREN
ALL
CNS tumors
Burkitt lymphoma
Top 3 common cancers in MALES
Prostate
Lungs
Colorectal
Top 3 common cancers in FEMALES
Breast
Lungs
Colorectal
Top 3 common cancers MORTALITIES in MALES
Lungs
Prostate
Colorectal
Top 3 common cancers MORTALITIES in FEMALES
Lungs
Breast
Colorectal
Hallmarks of Cancer
Self sufficiency in growth signals
Insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals
Altered cellular metabolism
Evasion of apoptosis
Limitless replicative potential (immortality)
Sustained angiogenesis
Ability to invade and metastasize
Ability to evade the host immune response
Normal cellular genes whose products PROMOTE CELL PROLIFERATION
Proto-oncogenes
RAS - MC mutated proto-oncogene in human cancers
ABL
Mutant or overexpressed versions of proto-oncogenes that function autonomously w/o a requirement for normal growth-promoting signals
Oncogenes
Genes whose products APPLY BRAKES to the cell proliferation
Abnormalities in these genes – CARCINOGENES
Tumor Suppressor Genes
GOVERNOR OF THE CELL CYCLE
Tumor suppressor gene that exerts ANTIPROLIFERATIVE effects by controlling G1-S checkpoint in the cell cycle
Mutated in retinoblastoma
Key element in HPV tumorigenesis
Rb - chromosome 13
RETINOBLASTOMA
OSTEOSARCOMA
GUARDIAN OF THE GENOME
Tumor suppressor gene that regulates cell cycle progression, DNA repair, cellular senescence and apoptosis
The MOST FREQUENTLY MUTATED TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE in human cancers
p53 - chromosome 17
Mutated in Li-Fraumeni syndrome
Progressive loss of body fat and lean body mass accompanied by profound weakness, anorexia, anemia in cancer patients
TNF - main cytokine implicated
Cancer Cachexia
Signs and symptoms not referable to the anatomic distribution of the tumor
Usually d.t. ectopic hormone produced by the tumor cells
Paraneoplastic Syndrome
ectopic ACTH production (Cushing syndrome) in small cell lung cancer
hypercalcemia in squamous cell carcinoma (d.t. PTHrp expression)
Term used to describe the degree of DIFFERENTIATION based on HISTOLOGIC appearance of the tumor
Tumor Grade
Gleason scoring in Prostatic adenocarcinoma
FIGO grading for endometrioid endometrial carcinomas
Term used to describe the degree of LOCALIZATION/SPREAD OF TUMOR
With more prognostic value than tumor grade
USUAL CRITERIA
-location and size of the primary tumor
-nodal status
-(+) distant metastases
Tumor stage
Condition secondary to release of products of dying cancer cells during chemotherapy
Tumor Lysis Syndrome
HYPERkalemia
HYPERphosphatemia
HYPERuricemia
HYPOcalcemia
Anaplasia
pleomorphism
abnormal nuclear morphology
mitosis
loss of polarity
necrosis
Abnormal nuclear morphology in Anaplasia
nuclear pleomorphism
increased nuclear: cytoplasmic (N:C) ratio
hyperchromasia
coarse chromatin pattern
prominent nucleoli
Primary route for CARCINOMAS
LYMPHATIC SPREAD
Primary route for SARCOMAS
HEMATOGENOUS SPREAD
FOUR CARCINOMAS ROUTE HEMATOGENOUSLY
Follicular
Choriocarcinoma
Renal Cell Ca
Hepatocellular Ca
All malignant tumors metastasize EXCEPT
Gliomas
BCC
All malignant tumors metastasize EXCEPT
Gliomas
BCC
Mutated genes –> excessive cell growth
ONCOGENES
Normal cellular genes whose products promote CELL PROLIFERATION
PROTO-ONCOGENES
MC type of abnormality involving proto-oncogenes in human tumors
RAS
Major cause of morbidity and mortality
INVASION AND METASTASIS
Cancers that metastasize to the BRAIN
LUNGS
breast
melanoma
colon
kidney
Cancers that metastasize to the LIVER
COLON
stomach
pancreas
Cancers that metastasize to the BONE
PROSTATE
breast
kidney
thyroid
lungs
