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Pathology > GIT > Flashcards

GIT Flashcards

1
Q

MC form of congenital intestinal atresia

A

Imperforate anus

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2
Q

MC congenital anomaly of the GIT

Failed involution of vitelline/omphalomesenteric duct

A

Meckel Diverticulum

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3
Q

Associations of Pyloric Stenosis

A

Turner syndrome
Trisomy 18
Erythromycin, Azithromycin exposure in 1st 2 weeks of life

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4
Q

Absence of Myenteric (Auerbach) and Submucosal (Meissner) d.t. ABNORMAL MIGRATION of neural crest cells or premature death

failure to pass meconium
abdominal distention

A

Hirschsprung disease

RET mutations

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5
Q

Complications of Hirschsprung disease

A

enterocolitis
fluid and electrolyte imbalance

perforation –> peritonitis

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6
Q

MC functional esophageal obstruction

A

Nutcracker esophagus

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7
Q

Triad of Achalasia

A

incomplete LES relaxation
increased LES tone
esophageal aperistalsis

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8
Q

MCC of esophageal varices

A

liver cirrhosis

2nd MCC - hepatic schistosomiasis

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9
Q

Complication of chronic GERD characterized by intestinal metaplasia within squamous epithelium

GOBLET CELLS - HALLMARK

increased risk of esophageal ADENOCARCINOMA

A

Barrett’s esophagus

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10
Q

More common

MIDDLE 3rd

squamous dysplasia

tobacco and alcohol
previous radiation
diet low in fresh fruits and vegetables
hot drink ingestion
achalasia
Plummer Vinson syndrome

A

Squamous Cell Ca (Esophagus)

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11
Q

DISTAL 3rd

Barrett’s esophagus

chronic GERD
tobacco
radiation exposure

PROTECTIVE - H. pylori

A

Adenocarcinoma (Esophagus)

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12
Q

MCC of chronic gastritis

A

H.pylori gastritis

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13
Q

Morphology of Ulcers

A

solitary (80%)
sharply punched out defects
mucosal margin level with surrounding mucosa

heaped up margins - MALIGNANCY

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14
Q

Abnormal SUBMUCOSAL arteriole

w/n LESSER curvature near GEJ

A

DIEULAFOY LESIONS

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15
Q

Longitudinal stripes of edematous, erythematous, mucosa

A

Gastric Antral Vascular Ectasia (GAVE)

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16
Q

Diffuse foveolar hyperplasia + protein losing enteropathy

d.t. excessive TGF-a secretion

A

Menetrier Disease

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16
Q

Diffuse foveolar hyperplasia + protein losing enteropathy

d.t. excessive TGF-a secretion

A

Menetrier Disease

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17
Q

Caused by gastrin-secreting neuroendocrine tumors

A

Zollinger Ellison Syndrome

TRIAD:
pancreatic islet tumors
gastric hypersecretion
PUD

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18
Q

MC gastric polyp

A

Inflammatory/Hyperplastic polyps

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19
Q

Polyp associated with PPI use

A

Fundic gland polyps

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20
Q

Associated with chronic gastritis with atrophy and intestinal metaplasia

A

Gastric adenoma

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21
Q

MC malignancy of the STOMACH

A

Adenocarcinoma

ANTRUM - MC site

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22
Q

MC site of extranodal lymphomas

A

Stomach

23
Q

MC mesenchymal tumors of the abdomen

A

GIST

24
Q

Risk Factors of Gastric Adenocarcinoma

A

Chronic Atrophic Gastritis
Ingestion of N-nitrosocompounds and benzo(a)pyrene

25
Q

Most important prognostic factors in Gastric Adenocarcinoma

A

depth of invasion
nodal/distal metastases

LIVER - MC sites of metastasis

26
Q

Tumors of neuroendocrine origin

intense desmoplasia

(+) synaptophysin
(+) chromogranin

A

NEUROENDOCRINE NEOPLASMS

SI - MC site

27
Q

Cytogenetic origin of GIST

CD117 - immunohistological marker

A

interstitial cells of Cajal

28
Q

Carney’s Triad

A

GIST
paraganglioma
pulmonary chondroma

29
Q

MCC of intestinal obstruction

A

Adhesion

30
Q

MCC of intestinal obstruction in children <2

A

Intussusception

31
Q

MC site of ischemic bowel disease

A

COLON

32
Q

WATERSHED AREAS (termination of the blood supply)

A

splenic flexure
colon
rectum

33
Q

Seen in Lactase Deficiency

A

Osmotic Diarrhea

34
Q

Seen in Celiac disease - cell mediated immune enteropathy

A

Malabsorptive Diarrhea

35
Q

Isotonic stools seen in Cholera

A

Secretory Diarrhea

36
Q

Purulent, bloody stools seen in amebic dysentery

A

Exudative Diarrhea

37
Q

Common extraintestinal manifestations of IBD

A

migratory polyarthritis
ankylosing spondylitis
uveitis
skin lesions

38
Q

Most feared long term complication of UC and colonic CD

A

colitis associated neoplasia

39
Q

Common Histologic Changes in IBD

A

inflammatory infiltrates
crypt abscesses
crypt distortion
pseudopyloric epithelial metaplasia

40
Q

Hallmark of CD

A

Noncaseating granulomas

41
Q

transmural
ileum + colon
rectal sparing
SKIP lesions
deep, knife like ulcers
marked lymphoid reaction, fibrosis, serositis
granulomas
fistula
fat/vitamin malabsorption
malignant potential - if with colonic involvement
recurrence after surgery - common

A

CROHNS DISEASE

42
Q

mural
colon
superficial broad based ulcer
marked pseudopolyps
(+) malignant potential
smoking and appendectomy protective
toxic megacolon

A

ULCERATIVE COLITIS

43
Q

Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)

adenocarcinoma develops in 100% of untreated patients often before age 30 and nearly always by age 50

A

adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene Ch5

at least 100 polyps

44
Q

MC site of juvenile polyps

A

RECTUM

45
Q

Multiple
(+) risk of malignant transformation
pulmonary AVMs - extraintestinal lesions

A

JUVENILE POLPYS

mixed inflammatory infiltrate with cystically dilated glands

46
Q

AD

SI - MC site

multiple GI hamartomatous polyps and mucocutaneous hyperpigmentation

increased risk of malignancy

A

PEUTZ JEGHERS POLYP

arborizing network and normal looking glands

47
Q

Guardian/Gatekeeper of Colonic Neoplasia

A

APC

48
Q

Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colon Cancer (HNPCC)

MSH2, MLH1

A

AMSTERDAM CRITERIA (3-2-1)

3 members (at least 1 should be a 1st degree relative of the other 2 and FAP should be ruled out already)

2 generations

1 diagnosed under age 50

49
Q

The most important characteristic that correlates with malignancy in neoplastic polyps

A

SIZE
>4 cm - w/ foci of invasive cancer

50
Q

MC malignancy of the GIT

A

Colorectal adenocarcinoma

LIVER - MC site of metastasis

51
Q

Prognostic factors for colorectal adenocarcinoma

A

depth of invasion
LN metastasis

52
Q

Proximal (Right) Sided Colon Cancers

BULKY, EXOPHYTIC masses

A

IDA
weakness
fatigues

53
Q

Distal (Left) Sided Colon Cancers

ANNULAR “napkin ring” morphology

A

CHANGE IN BOWEL HABITS
Bowel obstruction

54
Q

MC tumor in the APPENDIX

A

Well differentiated NET (carcinoid)
TIP; benign

Pseudomyxoma peritonei (MUCINOUS ASCITES) - occurs when appendix is ruptured

Pathology (24 decks)

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