Neonatology

Question 1

In dystocia/ER c-section versus elective c-section, neonatal compromise differs. However, for both, we cannot guarantee…

Answer 1

all live pups

Question 2

When performing an elective c-section, you need to determine fetal maturity prior to the procedure. How can you accomplish this?

Answer 2

1. GI persistalsis
2. kidneys
3. biparietal diameter
4. HR (<200 = distress, <150 = very bad)

Question 3

For neonatal resuscitation, we recommend what things be a part of the resuscitation table?

Answer 3

1. constant O2 flow with small face masks
2. heating source
3. warm, dry towels
4. bulb syringes, ET tubes (size 1-2), 12-18g IV catheters, larygngoscope
5. naloxone, epinephrine
6. stethoscope, thermometer, lube

Question 4

Describe how you would do neonatal resuscitation

Answer 4

1. warm, check temp frequently to avoid overheating
2. remove reminaing fetal membranes
3. suction oral and nasal passages
4. oxygen supportive via face masks
5. rub and dry to stimulate respiration – no swinging

Question 5

what are 2 ways you can stimulate respiration in neonates?

Answer 5

1. rub chest, perineal, and umbilical areas, rub hair backwards on lumbar area
2. jen chung acupuncture point

Question 6

why should you NOT swing neonatal puppies during resuscitation?

Answer 6

it can cause intracranial trauma

Question 7

What should you do for hypoxemia-induced bradycardia in neonates?

Answer 7

1. chest-compressions
2. heat
3. epinephrine is no response to compressions

Question 8

what do you do if a neonate is hypoglycemic?

Answer 8

50% dextrose on gums (this requires them to have good circulation)
or
2.5% glucose/dextrose SQ

Question 9

Apgar scores should be taken how often post-partum?

Answer 9

5 min
30 min
60 min
120 min

Question 10

APGAR scores 0-3 indicate…

Answer 10

WEAK vitality
poor prognosis

Question 11

APGAR scores of 4-6 indicate…

Answer 11

moderate vitality

Question 12

APGAR scores 7-10 indicate …

Answer 12

normal vitality.

Question 13

APGAR scores are important because it allows us to focus on…

Answer 13

the most vulnerable neonates

Question 14

what 3 neonatal reflexes are you looking for?

Answer 14

1. suckling
2. righting
3. rooting

Question 15

After your initial resuscitation, you determine all of the puppies are alive and APGAR score 8-9. Now what should you do? (5 steps)

Answer 15

1. check for congenital malformations
2. remove clamp from umbilical cord
3. mark puppoes, record their weight, sex, and APGAR scores
4. place pups in incubator if they are active, breathing well, and if their temp is >96.
5. let them nurse on dam

Question 16

T/F: puppies should nurse prior to leaving the hospital

Answer 16

true

Question 17

if a neonate requires tube feeding, how do you measure the tube to ensure proper length?

Answer 17

from last rib to tip of nose.

Question 18

in order to feed neonatal puppies and kittens, their body temp must be above __.

Answer 18

96 F

Question 19

what is the MAX stomach capacity for a neonate?

Answer 19

4 mL/100g

Question 20

When feeding Esbilac/KMR, how much should we feed neonates?

Answer 20

1-3 mL/100g/feeding

Question 21

how often should you feed a 2-4 wk old puppy or kitten?

Answer 21

every 3-6 hrs

for the first 2 weeks of life, they are fed every 2 hours.
If they continue gaining well after 2-4 weeks, you can take night breaks and decrease frequency

Question 22

What is the treatment for congenital malformations that are incompatible with life?

Answer 22

euthanasia
start with dexamethasone IM, then pentobarbital intracardiac, IV or IP.

Question 23

T/F: it is normal for neonatal puppies/kittens to lose <10% of their body weight within the first 24 hrs

Answer 23

true
after that, they should gain 5-10% BW per day.

Question 24

what are the 4 risk factors for neonatal mortality?

Answer 24

1. low birth weight
2. low/absent colostrum intake, or low blood IgG concentration
3. low APGAR scores
4. low growth rate between d0-2