Extra Info (Pulled from Various TNG Notes)

Question 1

what is the target BCS for a pregnant and lactating bitch?

Answer 1

5-6 out of 9

being underweight –> red fertility, small litter, low birth weight, incr neonatal morbidity and mortality, red milk yield, red immunity, red response to vaccination.

being overweight –> red fertility/ovulation, small litter, long-term neonatal health conseq, and mastitis, inc risk of c-section, stillbirths, and gestational diabetes.

Question 2

How much higher than maintenance are water requirements during lactation?

Answer 2

2-3x higher during lactation
(>120 ml/kg)

maintenance is ~60mL/kg

Question 3

when should you start feeding the dam a gestation/lactation (puppy or ALS food)?

Answer 3

1-2 mo before breeding heat cycle

Question 4

How many kcal/day are required for the bitch in EARLY gestation vs LATE gestation vs LACTATION?

Answer 4

early = RER x 1.8-2

late = RER x 2.2-3.5

lactation = RER x 1.9 + 25% per pup (ex. RER x 3 if 1 puppy)

Question 5

Hypocalcemia can cause _____ in the bitch

Answer 5

tetany (eclampsia)

risk factors are: small breed, large litters, post-whelping/lactation, anorexia/hyporexia prior to whelping, inapprop diet (high Ca diets –> hyperCa –> reduced PTH –> altered Ca homeostasis)

Question 6

Deficiency of FOLIC ACID during pregnancy may lead to what genetic abnormality?

Answer 6

cleft palate

Question 7

Deficiency of ZINC during pregnancy may lead to…

Answer 7

fetal resorption
small litters

Question 8

Deficiency of IRON or VITAMIN B during pregnancy may lead to …

Answer 8

reduced immunity

Question 9

Deficiency of VITAMIN A during pregnancy may lead to …

Answer 9

congenital abnormalities
altered bone remodeling
small litters

Question 10

T/F: you should NOT add vitamins/minerals to a complete and balanced commercial diet during pregnancy or lactation

Answer 10

true

Question 11

How should pregnant or lactating dogs be offered meals?

Answer 11

small, frequent meals during gestation
free-choice feeding IF early lactation and >2 neonates

do not overfeed during lactation because this increases the risk of mastitis

Question 12

When should you reduce a dams food intake?

Answer 12

while reducing the time the puppies spend with the dam (during weaning)
transition dam to maintenance diet over 1 week.

Question 13

Which of the following is FALSE about proestrus in the bitch?
A. dominant hormone is LH
B. physical changes include swelling of the vulva and hemorrhagic discharge
D. bitch will not accept the male

Answer 13

A. dominant hormone is LH

the correct dominant hormone is ESTROGEN

Question 14

Which of the following is FALSE about estrus in the bitch?
A. estrogen levels are decreasing
B. progesterone levels are close to zero
C. bitch stands to be mounted
D. bitch’s tail deviates to side and elevates (flagging)

Answer 14

B. progesterone levels are close to zero

in estrus, progesterone levels begin to rise. both estrogen and progesterone are required in order for the bitch to stand to be bred.

Question 15

which of the following is FALSE about diestrus?
A. progesterone is the dominant hormone
B. bitch does not accept male
C. vulva swelling disappears
D. a secondary hormone, prolactin, is present to maintain a CL
E. progesterone peaks just prior to ovulation

Answer 15

E. progesterone peaks just prior to ovulation

progesterone peaks post-ovulation

Question 16

what information can a vaginoscopy tell you? (3 things)

Answer 16

• estrogen influence
• stage of estrous cycle
• source of discharge