Neonatal Ch 25 part 2 Flashcards
the central nervous system develops from the ______ plate
neural
consisting of both the brain and the spinal cord, the ______ differentiates into the central nervous system
neural tube
the thalami fuse in the midline and form a fusion called the ______
massa intermedia
along the choroidal fissure, the medial wall of the developing cerebral hemisphere becomes thin. Invaginations of vascular pia form the ______ of the lateral ventricles at this side
choroid plexus
as the mesenchyme in trapped in the midline with the growth of the hemispheres, the ______ is formed
flax cerebri
the ______ forms from the cavity of the hindbrain and contains choroid plexus like the lateral and third ventricles
fourth ventricle
the space between the bones of the skull are called ______
fontanelles
the ______ fontanelle is located at the top of the neonatal head and may be easily felt as the “soft spot”
anterior
a double-layered outer membrane that forms the toughest barrier is the ______
dura mater
a V-shaped echogenic structure known as the ______ separates the cerebrum and the cerebellum; it is an extension of the flax cerebri
tentorium cerebelli
the ______ ventricles communicate with the third ventricle through the interventricular foramen of Monro
lateral
the cavum septum pellucidum forms the medial wall and the ______ forms the roof
corpus callosum
the ______ touches the inferior lateral ventricular wall and the body of the caudate ______ borders the superior wall
thalamus, nucleus
the third and forth ventricles are connected by the ______
aqueduct of Syvius
the lateral angles of the fourth ventricle form the foramen of ______
luschka
the ______ surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord from physical impact
cerebrospinal fluid
the mass of special cells that regulate the intraventricular pressure by secretion or absorption of cerebral spinal fluid is the ______
choroid plexus
the ______ is located along the lateral-most aspect of the brain and is the area where the middle cerebral artery is located
Sylvian fissure
the ______ borders the third ventricle and connects through the middle of the third ventricle by the massa intermedia
thalamus
the ______ extends from the pons to the foramen magnum where it continues as the spinal cord
medulla oblongata
three pairs of nerve tracts, the ______, connects the cerebellum to the brain stem
cerebellar peduncles
both cerebral hemispheres, the basal ganglia, the lateral and third ventricles, the interhemispheric fissure, and the subarachnoid space surrounding the hemispheres are shown in ______ studies
supratentorial
the cerebellum, the brain stem, the fourth ventricle, and the basal cisterns are visualized in ______ studies
infratentonal
technically a _______ view is 90 degrees to Reid’s baseline
coronal
when the transducer is angles ______,the frontal horns of the lateral ventricles appear as slitlike hypoechoic to cystic formations
anteriorly
sonography depicts the choroid plexus as a very ______ structure inside the ventricular cavities surrounding the thalamic nuclei
echogenic
in premature infants, the caudate nuclei may have ______ echogenicity than the rest of the brain parenchyma
higher
the ______ ventricle appears in the midline as a small anechoic space approximately 2 to 3 mm wide, located anteriorly to the vermis
fourth
a congenital anomaly associated with spina bifida is a ______ malformation in which the cerebellum and brain stem are pulled toward the spinal cord and secondary hydrocephalus develops
chiari
chiari malformation is frequently associated with myelomeningocele, ______ dilation of the third ventricle, and absence of the septum pellucidum
hydrocephalus
______ is characterized by a grossly abnormal brain in which there is a common large central ventricle
holoprosencephaly
dandy-walker syndrome is a congenital anomaly in which a huge ______ ventricle cyst occupies the area where the cerebellum usually lies, with secondary dilation of the third and lateral ventricles
fourth
a dandy-walker variant is present when there is an enlarge ______ communicating with the fourth ventricle in the presence of a normal of hypoplastic cerebellar vermis
cistorna magna
complete absences of the ______ is distinguished by narrow frontal horns, as well as marked separation of the anterior horns and bodies of the lateral ventricles associated with widening of the occipital horns and the third ventricle
corpus callosum
any condition in which enlargement of the ventricular system is caused by an imbalance between production and reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is referred to as ______
hydrocephalus
the CSF pathways are open within the ventricular system in ______ hydrocephalus, but there is decreased absorption of CSF
communicating
the most common cause of congenital hydrocephalus is ______
aqueductal stenosis
the most common hemorrhagic lesions in preterm newborn infants are ______ hemorrhages
subependymal- intraventricular
subependymal hemorrhages are caused by capillary bleeding in the ______
germinal matrix
studies from the anterior fontanelle may not detect small IVH’s because intraventricular blood tends to “settle out” in the ______ horns
posterior
intraparenchymal hemorrhages appear as very ______ zones in the white matter adjacent to the lateral ventricles
echogenic
______ can result from a variety of insults including respiratory failure, congenital heart disease, and sepsis
hypoxia
white matter ischemia leads to white matter volume loss or ______ leukomalacia
periventricular
the chronic stage of WMN is identified with ultrasound when ______ develops in the echogenic white matter
echolucencies
a common complication of purulent meningitis in newborn infants is ______
ventriculitis
______ occurs when the ependyma becomes thickened and hyperechoic as a result of irritation from hemorrhage within the ventricle
ependymilis
as the transducer is angled ______, the ventricles acquire a comma-like shape
posteriorly
