Chapter 22

Question 1

thyroid hormone important for maintaining a dense, strong bone matrix and regulating the blood calcium level

Answer 1

calcitonin

Question 2

refers to a normal functioning thyroid gland

Answer 2

euthyriod

Question 3

oversecretion of thyroid hormones

Answer 3

hyperthyriodism

Question 4

low phosphate level associated with hyperparathyroidism

Answer 4

hypophosphatasia

Question 5

undersecretion of thyroid hormones

Answer 5

hypothyroidism

Question 6

small pieces of thyroid tissue that connects the right and left lobes of the gland

Answer 6

isthmus

Question 7

wedge-shaped muscle posterior to the thyroid lobes

Answer 7

longus colli muscles

Question 8

hormone secreted by parathyroid glands that regulate serum calcium levels

Answer 8

parathyroid hormone

Question 9

present in small percentage of patients; extends superiorly from the isthmus

Answer 9

pyramidal lobe

Question 10

laboratory value that is elevated with hyperparathyroidism

Answer 10

serum calcium

Question 11

large muscles anterolateral to the thyroid

Answer 11

sternocleidomastoid muscles

Question 12

group of three muscles (sternothyroid, sternohyroid, and omohyoid) that lies anterior to the thyroid

Answer 12

strap muscles

Question 13

hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine and triiodothyronine

Answer 13

thyroid-stimulating hormone

Question 14

remnant of embryonic development that appears as a cyst in the neck

Answer 14

brachia cleft cyst

Question 15

use of a fine-gauge needle to obtain cells from a mass

Answer 15

fine-needle aspiration

Question 16

disorder associated with elevated serum calcium level, usually caused by a benign parathyroid adenoma

Answer 16

hyperparathyroidism

Question 17

disorder characterized by a localized or generalized enlargement of the lymph nodes or lymph vessels

Answer 17

lymphadenopathy

Question 18

enlargement of the multiple parathyroid glands

Answer 18

parathyroid hyperplasia

Question 19

oversecretion of parathyroid hormone, usually from a parathyroid adenoma

Answer 19

primary hyperparathyroidism

Question 20

enlargement of parathyroid glands in patients with renal failure or vitamin D deficiency

Answer 20

secondary hyperparathyroidism

Question 21

congenital anomalies that present in the midline of the neck anterior to the trachea

Answer 21

thyroglossal duct cysts

Question 22

benign thyroid neoplasm characterized by complete fibrous encapsulation

Answer 22

adenoma

Question 23

rare, undifferentiated carcinoma occurring in middle age

Answer 23

anaplastic carcinoma

Question 24

occurs as a solitary malignant mass within the thyroid gland

Answer 24

follicular carcinoma

Question 25

enlargement of the thyroid gland that can be focal or diffuse; multiple nodules may be present

Answer 25

goiter

Question 26

autoimmune disorder characterized by a diffuse toxic goiter, bulging eyes, and cutaneous manifestations

Answer 26

Grave's disease

Question 27

chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland caused by the formation of antibodies against normal thyroid tissue

Answer 27

Hashimoto's thyroiditis

Question 28

neoplastic growth that accounts for 10% of thyroid malignancies

Answer 28

medullary carcinoma

Question 29

tiny echogenic foci with a nodule that may or may not shadow

Answer 29

microcalcification

Question 30

nodular enlargement of the thyroid associated with hyperthyroidism

Answer 30

multinodular goiter

Question 31

degenerative nodules within the thyroid

Answer 31

nodular hyperplasia

Question 32

most common form of thyroid malignancy

Answer 32

papillary carcinoma

Question 33

viral infection of the thyroid that causes inflammation

Answer 33

subacute (de Quervain's) thyroiditis

Question 34

inflammation of the thyroid

Answer 34

thyroiditis

Question 35

the thyroid straddles the trachea anteriorly, whereas the paired lobes extend on either side bounded laterally by the ______ arteries and ________ veins.

Answer 35

carotid, jugular

Question 36

along the anterior surface of the thyroid gland lie the ______ muscles, including the sternothyroid, omohyoid, and sternocleidomastoid muscles.

Answer 36

strap

Question 37

the parathyroid glands are normally located on the ______ surface of the thyroid gland.

Answer 37

posterior medial

Question 38

the parathyroid glands are the _______ organs in the body.

Answer 38

calcium sensing

Question 39

the parathyroid glands produce ______ and monitor the serum calcium feedback mechanism

Answer 39

parathyroid hormone

Question 40

when the serum calcium level ______, the parathyroid glands are stimulated to release PTH.

Answer 40

decreases

Question 41

PTH acts on ______, ______, and intestine to enhance calcium absorption.

Answer 41

bone and kidney

Question 42

primary hyperparathyroidism is characterized by _______, hypercalciuria, and low serum levels or phosphate.

Answer 42

hypercalcemia

Question 43

primary hyperparathyroidism occurs when increased amounts of PTH are produced by a _______ primary hyperplasia, or, rarely, carcinoma located in the parathyroid gland.

Answer 43

adenoma

Question 44

a chronic hypocalcemia caused by renal failure, vitamin D deficiency (rickets), or malabsorption syndromes is _______ hyperparathyroidism.

Answer 44

secondary

Question 45

the thyroid gland is the part of the endocrine system the maintains body _______, ______, and ______ through the synthesis, storage, and secretion of thyroid hormones.

Answer 45

metabolism, growth, and development

Question 46

these hormones include triiodothyronine (____), thyroxin (____), and ________.

Answer 46

T3, T4, calcitonin

Question 47

the mechanism for producing thyroid hormones is ______ metabolism.

Answer 47

iodine

Question 48

when the body needs thyroid hormone, it is released into the bloodstream by the action of thyrotropin, or thyroid-stimulating hormone (_____), which is produced by the pituitary gland.

Answer 48

TSH

Question 49

the secretion of TSH is regulated by thyrotrophin-releasing factor, which is produced by the ______.

Answer 49

hypothalamus

Question 50

the concentration of calcium in the blood is decreased by ______, which first acts on the bone to inhibit its breakdown.

Answer 50

calcitonin

Question 51

low intake of iodine (goiter) in the body may cause either ______, or the inability of the thyroid to produce the proper amount of thyroid hormone.

Answer 51

hypothyroidism

Question 52

the metabolic rate is dramatically increased ______; clinical signs include weight loss, increased appetite, high degree of nervous energy, tremor, excessive sweating, heat intolerance, and palpitations, and many patients show signs of exophthalmos (protruding eyes).

Answer 52

hyperthyroidism

Question 53

how the thyroid is functioning is evaluated by _______.

Answer 53

nuclear medicine

Question 54

an enlargement of the thyroid gland is a ______, which is often visible on the anterior neck.

Answer 54

goiter

Question 55

one of the most common forms of thyroid disease is ______.

Answer 55

multinodular goiter

Question 56

______ is characterized by these findings: hypermetabolism, diffuse toxic goiter, exophthalmos, and cutaneous manifestations (thickening of the dermis of the pretibial areas and the dorsum of the feet).

Answer 56

Grave's disease

Question 57

a benign thyroid neoplasm characterized by complete fibrous encapsulation is a _______

Answer 57

adenoma

Question 58

the most common of the thyroid malignancies is ______ of the thyroid and is the preponderant cause of thyroid cancer in children.

Answer 58

papillary cancer

Question 59

the normal thyroid gland has a fine ______ echotexture that is more echogenic than the surrounding muscle structure.

Answer 59

homogeneous

Question 60

a normal lymph node is oval in shape with a ______ texture with a central core echo complex.

Answer 60

homogeneous

Question 61

the ______ muscle is posterior and lateral to each thyroid lobe and appears as a hypoechoic triangular structure adjacent to the cervical vertebrae.

Answer 61

longus colli