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Sonography > Chapter 22 > Flashcards

Chapter 22 Flashcards

1
Q

thyroid hormone important for maintaining a dense, strong bone matrix and regulating the blood calcium level

A

calcitonin

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2
Q

refers to a normal functioning thyroid gland

A

euthyriod

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3
Q

oversecretion of thyroid hormones

A

hyperthyriodism

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4
Q

low phosphate level associated with hyperparathyroidism

A

hypophosphatasia

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5
Q

undersecretion of thyroid hormones

A

hypothyroidism

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6
Q

small pieces of thyroid tissue that connects the right and left lobes of the gland

A

isthmus

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7
Q

wedge-shaped muscle posterior to the thyroid lobes

A

longus colli muscles

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8
Q

hormone secreted by parathyroid glands that regulate serum calcium levels

A

parathyroid hormone

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9
Q

present in small percentage of patients; extends superiorly from the isthmus

A

pyramidal lobe

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10
Q

laboratory value that is elevated with hyperparathyroidism

A

serum calcium

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11
Q

large muscles anterolateral to the thyroid

A

sternocleidomastoid muscles

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12
Q

group of three muscles (sternothyroid, sternohyroid, and omohyoid) that lies anterior to the thyroid

A

strap muscles

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13
Q

hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine and triiodothyronine

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone

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14
Q

remnant of embryonic development that appears as a cyst in the neck

A

brachia cleft cyst

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15
Q

use of a fine-gauge needle to obtain cells from a mass

A

fine-needle aspiration

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16
Q

disorder associated with elevated serum calcium level, usually caused by a benign parathyroid adenoma

A

hyperparathyroidism

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17
Q

disorder characterized by a localized or generalized enlargement of the lymph nodes or lymph vessels

A

lymphadenopathy

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18
Q

enlargement of the multiple parathyroid glands

A

parathyroid hyperplasia

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19
Q

oversecretion of parathyroid hormone, usually from a parathyroid adenoma

A

primary hyperparathyroidism

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20
Q

enlargement of parathyroid glands in patients with renal failure or vitamin D deficiency

A

secondary hyperparathyroidism

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21
Q

congenital anomalies that present in the midline of the neck anterior to the trachea

A

thyroglossal duct cysts

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22
Q

benign thyroid neoplasm characterized by complete fibrous encapsulation

A

adenoma

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23
Q

rare, undifferentiated carcinoma occurring in middle age

A

anaplastic carcinoma

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24
Q

occurs as a solitary malignant mass within the thyroid gland

A

follicular carcinoma

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25
Q

enlargement of the thyroid gland that can be focal or diffuse; multiple nodules may be present

26
Q

autoimmune disorder characterized by a diffuse toxic goiter, bulging eyes, and cutaneous manifestations

A

Grave’s disease

27
Q

chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland caused by the formation of antibodies against normal thyroid tissue

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

28
Q

neoplastic growth that accounts for 10% of thyroid malignancies

A

medullary carcinoma

29
Q

tiny echogenic foci with a nodule that may or may not shadow

A

microcalcification

30
Q

nodular enlargement of the thyroid associated with hyperthyroidism

A

multinodular goiter

31
Q

degenerative nodules within the thyroid

A

nodular hyperplasia

32
Q

most common form of thyroid malignancy

A

papillary carcinoma

33
Q

viral infection of the thyroid that causes inflammation

A

subacute (de Quervain’s) thyroiditis

34
Q

inflammation of the thyroid

A

thyroiditis

35
Q

the thyroid straddles the trachea anteriorly, whereas the paired lobes extend on either side bounded laterally by the ______ arteries and ________ veins.

A

carotid, jugular

36
Q

along the anterior surface of the thyroid gland lie the ______ muscles, including the sternothyroid, omohyoid, and sternocleidomastoid muscles.

37
Q

the parathyroid glands are normally located on the ______ surface of the thyroid gland.

A

posterior medial

38
Q

the parathyroid glands are the _______ organs in the body.

A

calcium sensing

39
Q

the parathyroid glands produce ______ and monitor the serum calcium feedback mechanism

A

parathyroid hormone

40
Q

when the serum calcium level ______, the parathyroid glands are stimulated to release PTH.

41
Q

PTH acts on ______, ______, and intestine to enhance calcium absorption.

A

bone and kidney

42
Q

primary hyperparathyroidism is characterized by _______, hypercalciuria, and low serum levels or phosphate.

A

hypercalcemia

43
Q

primary hyperparathyroidism occurs when increased amounts of PTH are produced by a _______ primary hyperplasia, or, rarely, carcinoma located in the parathyroid gland.

44
Q

a chronic hypocalcemia caused by renal failure, vitamin D deficiency (rickets), or malabsorption syndromes is _______ hyperparathyroidism.

45
Q

the thyroid gland is the part of the endocrine system the maintains body _______, ______, and ______ through the synthesis, storage, and secretion of thyroid hormones.

A

metabolism, growth, and development

46
Q

these hormones include triiodothyronine (____), thyroxin (____), and ________.

A

T3, T4, calcitonin

47
Q

the mechanism for producing thyroid hormones is ______ metabolism.

48
Q

when the body needs thyroid hormone, it is released into the bloodstream by the action of thyrotropin, or thyroid-stimulating hormone (_____), which is produced by the pituitary gland.

49
Q

the secretion of TSH is regulated by thyrotrophin-releasing factor, which is produced by the ______.

A

hypothalamus

50
Q

the concentration of calcium in the blood is decreased by ______, which first acts on the bone to inhibit its breakdown.

A

calcitonin

51
Q

low intake of iodine (goiter) in the body may cause either ______, or the inability of the thyroid to produce the proper amount of thyroid hormone.

A

hypothyroidism

52
Q

the metabolic rate is dramatically increased ______; clinical signs include weight loss, increased appetite, high degree of nervous energy, tremor, excessive sweating, heat intolerance, and palpitations, and many patients show signs of exophthalmos (protruding eyes).

A

hyperthyroidism

53
Q

how the thyroid is functioning is evaluated by _______.

A

nuclear medicine

54
Q

an enlargement of the thyroid gland is a ______, which is often visible on the anterior neck.

55
Q

one of the most common forms of thyroid disease is ______.

A

multinodular goiter

56
Q

______ is characterized by these findings: hypermetabolism, diffuse toxic goiter, exophthalmos, and cutaneous manifestations (thickening of the dermis of the pretibial areas and the dorsum of the feet).

A

Grave’s disease

57
Q

a benign thyroid neoplasm characterized by complete fibrous encapsulation is a _______

58
Q

the most common of the thyroid malignancies is ______ of the thyroid and is the preponderant cause of thyroid cancer in children.

A

papillary cancer

59
Q

the normal thyroid gland has a fine ______ echotexture that is more echogenic than the surrounding muscle structure.

A

homogeneous

60
Q

a normal lymph node is oval in shape with a ______ texture with a central core echo complex.

A

homogeneous

61
Q

the ______ muscle is posterior and lateral to each thyroid lobe and appears as a hypoechoic triangular structure adjacent to the cervical vertebrae.

A

longus colli

Sonography (7 decks)

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