Negative emotions (chpt. 10)

Question 1

Goal incongruent emotions

Answer 1

are generally negative associated with negative affect, whereas goal congruent emotions are generally positive

Question 2

Negative emotions

Answer 2

is an oxymoron

-fear and anxiety

Question 3

Anxiety

Answer 3

is a negative emotion that alerts us to potentially threatening situations.

1. Helps us focus social evaluative stimuli
2. Activates reverberating circuits that give rise to ruminative thoughts

Reverberating thoughts refers to the phenomenon that once a neurological brain circuit has been activated, it tends to stay activated for a period in the absence of the stimulus that triggered it in the first place. Ruminative thoughts refers to thinking about ways of preventing social rejection and ostracization.

Question 4

Anxiety (Bio.) Gray 1982

Answer 4

Gray has argued that fear is caused by the activation of the fight or flight system and that anxiety is caused by the activation of the behavioral inhibition system (BIS)

Question 5

Behavioral inhibition system (BIS)

Answer 5

consists of the septal-hippocampal system and closely rrelated papez circuit

Question 6

Anti-anxiety drugs

Answer 6

chlordiazepoxide (Librium) & Diazepam (Valium) belong to a class of drugs called benzodiazepines. Benzodiazepines.themselves have receptor sites, and when they bind to these sites, they increase the ability to GABA to bind. When Valium binds with its receptor site, like a key in a lock it changes shape of the GABA site

Question 7

Gammaaminobutyic acid (GABA) site

Answer 7

Gammaaminobutyic acid a naturally occurring inhibitory neurotransmitter. When GABA binds to receptor sites, GABA reduces the flow of neural transmission

Question 8

Gary’s model of behavioral

Answer 8

Inputs > Signals of punishment, signals of nonreward novel stimuli

Stop, Look, and Listen > Behavioral inhibition system > anti anxiety drug

Outputs> Behavioral inhibition increased arousal increased attention

Gary argues that the Behavioral Inhibition can be conditioned

Question 9

Fear and Anxiety Unified person vs. Different subsystems

Answer 9

In a ‘unified person,’ either fear or anxiety must be related to goal ‘appraisals’ that the person makes.
E.g., ‘anxiety’ may be ‘fear’ related to a ‘higher goal’
–such as fear of death or meaninglessness.

Question 10

Fear and Anxiety

Answer 10

With subsystems, fear and anxiety may be produced by different subsystems.

Question 11

Phobias

Answer 11

Gray: Phobias are a malfunction of the FF system.
Systematic desensitization (SD):
Counterconditioning.
Phobias (and fear in general) can be treated with SD.

Question 12

Panic attacks

Answer 12

Also a malfunction of the FF system.
Often no ‘causal object’ in the environment.
Different from phobias and fear.
Different from ‘anxious apprehension,’ which is due to the BIS.

Question 13

Negative Affectivity the blues sadness

Answer 13

Negative affectivity (NA).
A mix of neuroticism and BIS.
High NA people have more stress
Also, more NA in morning.
Suggests a subsystem, as no 'unified person' cognition is specific to mornings.