Hunger & Eating (chpt. 3)

Question 1

Biological factors

Answer 1

fats, carbohydrates, and proteins fats are digested fatty acids.

Hunger triggers.
Hypothalamus (Hy): The 'king of glands.’
Hy indirectly controls many glands.
Glands produce hormones.
Hormones: Send messages to 'distant' places in the body
Hormones often change how we feel.

Question 2

(Bio) Hunger

Answer 2

Later Hy (Lower Hypothalmus) = FEEDING CENTER TURN ON TURNING HUNGER

Ventromedial Hy (VMH) satiety center TURN OFF HUNGER

Question 3

(Bio) Dual Center Theory Problems

Answer 3

If LH damaged in rat no eating at first but ran can re-learn eating behavior. Glucose lessens hunger if put into live rbut not if put in VMH by way of Jugular vein so the clucose off switch is not in VMH

Injecting cholecystokinin (CCK) hormone lessens eating.
CCK works partly by making stomach muscles contract.
Also, CCK has many other effects (e.g., on brain ‘pleasure pathway’)
–these other effects may also be related to CCK lessening hunger.
Dual center theory has now been dropped.

Question 4

(Bio)Evidence for food specific hungers

Answer 4

Rats deprived of protein will selectively eat protein evidence against a general hunger switch. But not evidence for natural health protein deprived rats still prefer sugar. Famine hypothesis genetic preference for sweets due to fat ancestors surviving famines. Many hunger triggers are now accepted biological hunger is complex

Question 5

(Bio) Genetic Differences

Answer 5

Some people born with more fat cells dieting reduces fat cell-size, not number of fat cells. Tend to be hungry even if overweight. Women like carbs more than men do

Question 6

(Learned) Hunger, Eating Factors

Answer 6

Causes of eating many causes lunch time, food looks good social pressure. Many people are not sensitive to hunger cues. Poor people tend to eat more junk food

Question 7

(Learned) Avoiding bad food

Answer 7

Avoiding bad food, finding good food. Food aversion the tequila nausea effect allows poison to be avoided. How
humans find the healthy foods in differ parts of the world is more complex

Question 8

(Cognitive) Eating factors

Answer 8

Training ourselves and our children to eat well means deciding well right now this maybe an example of how cognitive free will comes into learning related free will

Question 9

(Cog) Eating Factors

Answer 9

Obesity 25% over ? weight Anorexia defined by weight and attutude 25% under ideal weight

Question 10

(Cog) Genetics

Answer 10

Mz identical twins raised apart tend to weigh the same reasons basal metabolic rate (BMR) burns 66% of our calories. Some people can eat twice as much food as others and not gain weight

Question 11

(Cog) External vs. Internal

Answer 11

Biological factors external vs. internal external not sensitive to internal clues . Decide on basis of environment if food looks good or if it is time for lunch. Externals tend to eat more than internals.

Internals are more aware of hunger and emotions

Question 12

(Cog)

Answer 12

Set point: Obese people may have VMH (‘satiety center’) ‘set’ too high.
But remember, biological hunger is now considered to involve much more than just the hypothalamus.
Yo-yo effect: Dieting may make body better at storing fat.
Then, prior ‘normal’ eating could lead to weight gain.
Anorexia does not seem to be genetic.

Question 13

Obesity & Anorexia

Answer 13

Patterns of eating are learned over time. Persistent effort can allow new eating patterns to be learned. Mom sets a trend

Anorexia about 1 in 100,000 ppl most are women about food and body image. Initita cause is often the thinness obsession in western culture. Many eating problems include emotions