NEEDS OF INDIVIDUAL

Question 1

Lifestages - toddlers

Answer 1

Small portions

Starchy foods - energy

Nicely presented - appealing

Variety = variety of nutrients - growth/ development
|
-> encourages good eating habits

Limit sugary/ salty/ fatty snacks

Need some fat/ fat for energy/ fullness/ digestion

Question 2

Lifestages - children (5-10)

Answer 2

Balanced diet (eat well plate)

Daily exercise

High energy intake - growth/development at fast rate

Need iron/ calcium and vitamin D/ vitamins/ minerals/ protein/ carbs/ vitamin A
|
-> keeps them healthy

Don’t overfeed

Limit sugar/ fatty foods - prevents obesity

Question 3

Lifestages - teenagers (11-19)

Answer 3

Need more food that adults - higher release of energy (growth/ activity levels)

More iron - girls

More calcium - reach peak bone mass

More vitamins/ minerals

Avoidance of snacks high in fat/ sugar

Less snacking - 3 meals a day

1000-1200 calories a day

Question 4

Lifestages - adults (20-65)

Answer 4

Energy balance

Limited activity levels/ growth - less energy needed

Balanced diet - fibre/ starch/ vitamins
|
-> correct body functioning

Job determines calorie intake
Office - limited
Builder - needs more due to higher activity levels
Sports person - special diet/ more calories

Question 5

Lifestages - elderly (65-100)

Answer 5

Less energy foods (fats/ carbs) - less active

Enough protein - cells repair

Enough iron/ calcium/ vitamin D - prevent osteoporosis

Enough fluids/ fibre - prevent constipation

Question 6

Lifestages - pregnancy/ lactating

Answer 6

More protein - growth of baby

More food (200 calories) - more energy

Calcium - to form strong bones

Vitamin D - absorb calcium

Iron - forms haemoglobin to carry oxygen and helps store iron in baby as iron not given in milk

Vitamin C - absorption of iron

Not too much vitamin A - birth defects

B12 - formation of neural tube

Fibre prevents constipation due to hormones released

Folic acid - growth of nerves (first trimester) and reduces risk of Spina bifida

Question 7

Lacto-ovo vegetarians

Answer 7

Can’t eat fish/ meat/ poultry

Get essential amino acids through protein complementation of LBV sources

Can eat dairy products - HBV sources (high sat)

Vitamins/ minerals through fruit and veg - insoluble NSP compromise uptake of iron and calcium

Iron comes in ferric form (plants) and haem version (meat) and ferric less available - less iron so need twice as much iron

Health benefits - lower obesity/ heart disease/ blood pressure/ diabetes/ cancers

Question 8

Vegans

Answer 8

Don’t eat dairy products/ eggs 
|
-> LBV complementation 
     HBV soya products (tofu) 
Calcium/ vitamin D should be obtained from other sources - fortified soya/ calcium tofu/ fortified brown and white bread (by law) 

Ferric iron - pulses/ wholemeal/ fortified cereal/ dark leafy veg/

B12 - fortified soya drinks and marmite

Base meals on starchy foods

Question 9

What is an allergen

Answer 9

Substances that causes an allergic reaction

Must be includes on packaging - eggs/ fish/ nuts/ celery

Question 10

What is an allergy

Answer 10

Immune response to a substance (food/ pollen/ fur/ dust) which had become hypersensitive

Person must avoid food - reaction will occur

Caused by immune system

Question 11

What is an intolerance

Answer 11

Inability to eat food without an adverse effect

More common that allergy

Not caused by immune system

Coeliac/ lactose

Question 12

Buddhism

Answer 12

Vegetarian diet desirable

Moderation in all foods

Fasting required by monks

Question 13

Hinduism

Answer 13

No beef

All other meats restricted/ avoided

Alcohol avoided

Fasting days

No cheese with rennet

Sometimes fish eaten - fruit of the sea

Question 14

Islam

Answer 14

Pork/ certain birds forbidden
No gelatine

Dairy products must not contain animal enzymes

Alcohol forbidden

Coffee/ tea avoided

Fasting at specific periods - Ramadan to teach self discipline and think of poor people

• based on lunar calendar
• Eid celebrates end of Ramadan

Halal - all animal should be alive and healthy at time of killing

• must be killed by Muslim with cut to throat while prayer read
• all blood is drained

Haram - unlawful

Question 15

Judaism

Answer 15

Eat kosher food - blood drains

Eat meat from animals that chew the cud/ split or cloven hooves (sheeps and cows)

Fish that have scales and fins

Pork/ shellfish forbidden

Meat and dairy products in same meal forbidden

Leavened food (yeast products) restricted

Fasting practiced - Passover

Question 16

Coeliac disease

Answer 16

Intolerance to protein gluten
Wheat/ barley/ oats/ rye

Small intestines damaged by the gluten

Damage can’t be reversed - life long

Weight loss
Lack of energy
Diarrhoea - damaged intestines can’t absorb enough food
Poor growth in children - insufficient nutrients absorbed (can lead to anaemia)

Products are more expensive (takes more time and special ingredients)
Potatoes 
Rice flour 
Coconut flour 
Quinoa

Question 17

Type 2 diabetes

Answer 17

Blood sugar levels controlled by insulin released from pancreas

Consumption of high sugar foods cause pancreas to stop releasing insulin

People overweight/ obese more at risk of developing

Low levels of glucose - hypoglycaemia
High levels of glucose - hyperglycaemia
Glucose that stays in blood and restricts blood flow - infection

Type 2 diabetes can be controlled through food eating habits based on starchy carbs
Cut down on sugary foods and use sugar substitutes
Canned fruit in juice not syrup
Lean meat
Avoid hidden sugars in other names

Question 18

Coronary heart disease

Answer 18

Arteries become blocked and blood can’t flow properly to the heart

Caused by high levels of cholesterol (fatty substance made in the liver)

Cholesterol attaches to lipoproteins and carried in blood
Excess Saturated fats - low density lipoproteins (deposited on walls of artery - bad cholesterol)
Excess unsaturated fats - high density lipoproteins (not deposited - good cholesterol)

High blood pressure can strain arteries
Obesity puts strain on heart
Smoking makes blood stickier - doesn’t flow properly

Reduce by eating fruit and veg/ exercising/ stop smoking/ grilling instead of frying/ reduce salt

Question 19

Causes of Obesity

Answer 19

Excess energy/ protein/ oil/ saturated fat

Little exercise

Consume more calories than burned

Person considered obese if above 20% of maximum healthy weight for persons height

Question 20

Nut allergy

Answer 20

Skin rash 
Eyes itch 
Runny nose 
Face swells 
Coughing/ wheezing 

Extreme reaction - anaphylactic shock
Throats swells and can’t breathe

Need epipen to give adrenaline to reduce swelling

Question 21

Lactose intolerance

Answer 21

Allergic to sugar in milk - lactose

Can’t digest sugar as lack enzyme in small intestine

Sugar passes to large intestine - bloating/ wind/ diarrhoea/ nausea

Large range of lacto- free products 
Soya 
Coconut 
Rice 
Almond milk

Question 22

Dental caries

Answer 22

Harmful oral bacteria feed on sugars to create acids destroying enamel

Cavities bacterial infection created by acids causing holes in teeth which can progress to pain

Tooth decay caused by extrinsic sugars

Question 23

Reduce tooth decay

Answer 23

Lower monosaccharide intake
Sugar replacers - stevia/ sugar

Nutritional combination of vitamin D and calcium to strengthen teeth

Keep acid levels low to reduce impact on enamel
Phosphorus neutralises acids