NEEDS OF INDIVIDUAL Flashcards
Lifestages - toddlers
Small portions
Starchy foods - energy
Nicely presented - appealing
Variety = variety of nutrients - growth/ development
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-> encourages good eating habits
Limit sugary/ salty/ fatty snacks
Need some fat/ fat for energy/ fullness/ digestion
Lifestages - children (5-10)
Balanced diet (eat well plate)
Daily exercise
High energy intake - growth/development at fast rate
Need iron/ calcium and vitamin D/ vitamins/ minerals/ protein/ carbs/ vitamin A
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-> keeps them healthy
Don’t overfeed
Limit sugar/ fatty foods - prevents obesity
Lifestages - teenagers (11-19)
Need more food that adults - higher release of energy (growth/ activity levels)
More iron - girls
More calcium - reach peak bone mass
More vitamins/ minerals
Avoidance of snacks high in fat/ sugar
Less snacking - 3 meals a day
1000-1200 calories a day
Lifestages - adults (20-65)
Energy balance
Limited activity levels/ growth - less energy needed
Balanced diet - fibre/ starch/ vitamins
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-> correct body functioning
Job determines calorie intake
Office - limited
Builder - needs more due to higher activity levels
Sports person - special diet/ more calories
Lifestages - elderly (65-100)
Less energy foods (fats/ carbs) - less active
Enough protein - cells repair
Enough iron/ calcium/ vitamin D - prevent osteoporosis
Enough fluids/ fibre - prevent constipation
Lifestages - pregnancy/ lactating
More protein - growth of baby
More food (200 calories) - more energy
Calcium - to form strong bones
Vitamin D - absorb calcium
Iron - forms haemoglobin to carry oxygen and helps store iron in baby as iron not given in milk
Vitamin C - absorption of iron
Not too much vitamin A - birth defects
B12 - formation of neural tube
Fibre prevents constipation due to hormones released
Folic acid - growth of nerves (first trimester) and reduces risk of Spina bifida
Lacto-ovo vegetarians
Can’t eat fish/ meat/ poultry
Get essential amino acids through protein complementation of LBV sources
Can eat dairy products - HBV sources (high sat)
Vitamins/ minerals through fruit and veg - insoluble NSP compromise uptake of iron and calcium
Iron comes in ferric form (plants) and haem version (meat) and ferric less available - less iron so need twice as much iron
Health benefits - lower obesity/ heart disease/ blood pressure/ diabetes/ cancers
Vegans
Don’t eat dairy products/ eggs
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-> LBV complementation
HBV soya products (tofu)
Calcium/ vitamin D should be obtained from other sources - fortified soya/ calcium tofu/ fortified brown and white bread (by law)
Ferric iron - pulses/ wholemeal/ fortified cereal/ dark leafy veg/
B12 - fortified soya drinks and marmite
Base meals on starchy foods
What is an allergen
Substances that causes an allergic reaction
Must be includes on packaging - eggs/ fish/ nuts/ celery
What is an allergy
Immune response to a substance (food/ pollen/ fur/ dust) which had become hypersensitive
Person must avoid food - reaction will occur
Caused by immune system
What is an intolerance
Inability to eat food without an adverse effect
More common that allergy
Not caused by immune system
Coeliac/ lactose
Buddhism
Vegetarian diet desirable
Moderation in all foods
Fasting required by monks
Hinduism
No beef
All other meats restricted/ avoided
Alcohol avoided
Fasting days
No cheese with rennet
Sometimes fish eaten - fruit of the sea
Islam
Pork/ certain birds forbidden
No gelatine
Dairy products must not contain animal enzymes
Alcohol forbidden
Coffee/ tea avoided
Fasting at specific periods - Ramadan to teach self discipline and think of poor people
- based on lunar calendar
- Eid celebrates end of Ramadan
Halal - all animal should be alive and healthy at time of killing
- must be killed by Muslim with cut to throat while prayer read
- all blood is drained
Haram - unlawful
Judaism
Eat kosher food - blood drains
Eat meat from animals that chew the cud/ split or cloven hooves (sheeps and cows)
Fish that have scales and fins
Pork/ shellfish forbidden
Meat and dairy products in same meal forbidden
Leavened food (yeast products) restricted
Fasting practiced - Passover
Coeliac disease
Intolerance to protein gluten
Wheat/ barley/ oats/ rye
Small intestines damaged by the gluten
Damage can’t be reversed - life long
Weight loss
Lack of energy
Diarrhoea - damaged intestines can’t absorb enough food
Poor growth in children - insufficient nutrients absorbed (can lead to anaemia)
Products are more expensive (takes more time and special ingredients) Potatoes Rice flour Coconut flour Quinoa
Type 2 diabetes
Blood sugar levels controlled by insulin released from pancreas
Consumption of high sugar foods cause pancreas to stop releasing insulin
People overweight/ obese more at risk of developing
Low levels of glucose - hypoglycaemia
High levels of glucose - hyperglycaemia
Glucose that stays in blood and restricts blood flow - infection
Type 2 diabetes can be controlled through food eating habits based on starchy carbs
Cut down on sugary foods and use sugar substitutes
Canned fruit in juice not syrup
Lean meat
Avoid hidden sugars in other names
Coronary heart disease
Arteries become blocked and blood can’t flow properly to the heart
Caused by high levels of cholesterol (fatty substance made in the liver)
Cholesterol attaches to lipoproteins and carried in blood
Excess Saturated fats - low density lipoproteins (deposited on walls of artery - bad cholesterol)
Excess unsaturated fats - high density lipoproteins (not deposited - good cholesterol)
High blood pressure can strain arteries
Obesity puts strain on heart
Smoking makes blood stickier - doesn’t flow properly
Reduce by eating fruit and veg/ exercising/ stop smoking/ grilling instead of frying/ reduce salt
Causes of Obesity
Excess energy/ protein/ oil/ saturated fat
Little exercise
Consume more calories than burned
Person considered obese if above 20% of maximum healthy weight for persons height
Nut allergy
Skin rash Eyes itch Runny nose Face swells Coughing/ wheezing
Extreme reaction - anaphylactic shock
Throats swells and can’t breathe
Need epipen to give adrenaline to reduce swelling
Lactose intolerance
Allergic to sugar in milk - lactose
Can’t digest sugar as lack enzyme in small intestine
Sugar passes to large intestine - bloating/ wind/ diarrhoea/ nausea
Large range of lacto- free products Soya Coconut Rice Almond milk
Dental caries
Harmful oral bacteria feed on sugars to create acids destroying enamel
Cavities bacterial infection created by acids causing holes in teeth which can progress to pain
Tooth decay caused by extrinsic sugars
Reduce tooth decay
Lower monosaccharide intake
Sugar replacers - stevia/ sugar
Nutritional combination of vitamin D and calcium to strengthen teeth
Keep acid levels low to reduce impact on enamel
Phosphorus neutralises acids
