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systems- head and neck - oc > neck > Flashcards

neck Flashcards

1
Q

what are the anatomical contents in the neck?

A 
Arteries
Veins
Nerves
Lymph nodes
Lymphatic channels
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Muscles
Trachea
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2
Q

what is the superior boundry of the neck?

A

mandible

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3
Q

what is the inferior boundry of the neck?

A

clavicle

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4
Q

what is the anterior boundry of the neck?

A

anterior midline

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5
Q

what is the posterior boundry of the neck?

A

trapezius

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6
Q

what is anterior to the anterior triangle of the neck?

A

midline of the neck

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7
Q

what is posterior to the anterior triangle of the neck?

A

anterior border of sternocleidomastoid

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8
Q

what is anterior to the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

posterior border of sternocleidomastoid

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9
Q

what is posterior to the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

anterior border of trapezius

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10
Q

what are the contents of the anterior triangle?

A 
Common carotid artery	
Internal carotid artery
External carotid artery	
Internal jugular vein
Facial artery			
Facial vein
Hypoglossal nerves		Accessory nerves
Vagus nerves			Laryngeal nerves
Glossopharyngeal nerves	
Submandibular nodes	Submental nodes
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11
Q

what are the posterior triangle contents of the neck?

A 
Accessory nerve		
Cervical nerve plexus
Occipital artery		
External jugular vein
Lymph nodes
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12
Q

indications for central lines

A

Central venous pressure Fluid resuscitation
Drug administration Haemodialysis
Cardiac pacing Intravenous nutrition
Blood sampling

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13
Q

complications of central lines

A 
Pneumothorax		
Air embolism		
Thrombosis
Haematoma		
Chylothorax		
Sepsis
Cardiac tamponade	
False passage		
Line blockage
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14
Q

how many lymph nodes are there in the head and neck

A

600

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15
Q

where do lymphh nodes in head anad neck drain to?

A

cisterna chyli then drain to thoracic duct

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16
Q

where does the parotid node drain from?

A

scalp, face and parotid gland

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17
Q

where does the occipital node drain from?

A

scalp

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18
Q

where does the superficial cervical node drain from?

A

final drainage pathway to thoracic duct

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19
Q

where does the submandibular node drain from?

A

tongue, nose, paranasal sinuses, submandibular gland and oral cavity

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20
Q

where does the submental nodes drain from?

A

lips and floor of mouth

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21
Q

where do the supraclaviculas node drain from?

A

breast, oesophagus and solid viscera

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22
Q

what is Lymphadenopathy

A

disease of the lymph nodes, in which they are abnormal in size or consistency

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23
Q

what type of gland is the thyroid gland?

A

endocrine gland

24
Q

how many lobes does the thyroid gland have?

A

2

25
Q

what are the lobes joined by in the thyroid gland?

A

isthmus

26
Q

what does the thyroid gland produce?

A

thyroid hormone and calcitonin

27
Q

what is the function of calcitonin?

A

acts to lower calcium and raise phosphate

28
Q

what is a thyroglossal cyst?

A

dilation of thyroglossal duct remnant

29
Q

who is more likely to get a solitary thyroid nodule?

A

female of 30-40 years old

30
Q

how do you investigate a solitary thyroid nodule?

A

fine-needle aspiration cytology and ulrasound scanning

31
Q

can a fine needle aspiration cytology distinguish between a follicular adenoma and a follicular carcinoma

A

no

32
Q

what is papillary thyroid cancer?

A

lymphatic metastasis

33
Q

what is follicular thyroid cancer

A

haematogenous metastesis

34
Q

what is medullary thyroid cancer?

A

familial association 10% arise from parafollicular C cells

35
Q

what is anaplastic thyroid cancer?

A

aggressive, local spread, very old, poor prognosis

36
Q

how does Colloid goitre form

A 
due to gland hyperplasia
iodine deficiency
puberty, 
pregnancy, 
lactation
37
Q

what is graves disease?

A

autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactive thyroid. With this disease, your immune system attacks the thyroid and causes it to make more thyroid hormone than your body needs

38
Q

treatment for graves disease

A

anti-thyroids
beta blockers
radio-iodine
surgery

39
Q

indications for thyroidectomy

A 
Airway obstruction
Malignancy or suspected malignancy
Thyrotoxicosis
Cosmesis
Retrosternal extension
40
Q

complications of thyroidectomy

A 
Bleeding-primary or secondary
Voice hoarseness
Thyroid storm
Infection
Hypoparathyroidism
Hypothyroidism
Scar (keloid/ hypertrophic)
41
Q

why would someone get multi-nodular goitre?

A

due to graves disease or toxic goitre

42
Q

whos more likely to get multi- nodular goitre?

A

women, middle aged with hyperthyroidism

43
Q

how many parathyroid glands are there?

A

4 usually

44
Q

function of the parathyroid glands?

A

Regulate calcium & phosphate levels

45
Q

where are the parathyroid glands locarted?

A

posterior to poles of thyroid

46
Q

what can parathyroid disease cause?

A 
PAINFUL STONES
ACHING BONES
PSYCHIC MOANS 
ABDOMINAL GROANS
Renal calculi, polyuria, renal failure
Pathological fractures, osteoporosis, bone pain

Abdominal pain, constipation, peptic ulceration, pancreatitis, weight loss

Anxiety & depression, confusion, paranoia

47
Q

how to investigate parathyroid disease

A 
Urea & electrolytes, creatinine, calcium, phosphate
Parathyroid hormone, bicarbonate
Vitamin D
Ultrasound scan
CT/MRI: identify ectopic glands
Isotope scanning: detect diseased glands
48
Q

treatment of parathyroid disease

A

surgery

49
Q

fascia of the neck

A 
4 Fascial layers
Pre-tracheal
Pre-vertebral
Deep cervical
Carotid sheath
50
Q

indications for tracheostomy

A

Airway obstruction
Airway protection
Poor ventilation to reduce dead space

51
Q

treatment for stridor

A

O2, Nebulised Adrenaline, IV Dexamethasone, (Heliox), (Definitive) airway management

52
Q

how does a branchial cysts occur?

A

Remnant of fusion failure of branchial arches OR lymph node cystic degeneration

53
Q

what is a pharyngeal pouch?

A

Herniation of pharyngeal mucosa between
thyropharyngeus and cricopharyngeus muscles of the
inferior constrictor of the pharynx

54
Q

symptoms of pharyngeal pouch

A

Voice hoarseness Regurgitation
Dysphagia Weight loss
Aspiration pneumonia Neoplasia 1%

55
Q

investigation of pharyngeal pouch

A

Barium swallow; excision (endoscopic or open); dilate

systems- head and neck - oc (12 decks)

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