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systems- head and neck - oc > head and neck embryology > Flashcards

head and neck embryology Flashcards

1
Q

what does the neck develop from?

A

brnchial/pharyngeal arches

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2
Q

what does the face develop from?

A

5 mesenchymal processes/prominences

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3
Q

where does the skull develop from?

A

develops from the mesenchyme in the head region of developing embryo

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4
Q

what is mesenchyme?

A

embryonic connective tissue

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5
Q

what is a ball of cells called?

A

blastula

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6
Q

why do 2 areas not have mesoderm?

A

sites of future mouth and anus

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7
Q

ectoderm in the midline folds down to form?

A

neural tube -> brain and spinal chord

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8
Q

cells at the crest of this neural fold seperate to form

A

neural crest cells

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9
Q

what do neural crest cells give rise to?

A

wide variety of structures

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10
Q

what are somites derived from?

A

from paraxial mesoderm and form structures like the axial skeleton and muscles

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11
Q

how many somites develop in human embryos

A

33

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12
Q

what do somites help with in the head region of the embryo?

A

help in cranial skeleton development

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13
Q

what are the pharyngeal/branchial arches?

A

series of arches which develop around the future mouth and pharynx

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14
Q

what embryological tissures make up the branchial arches?

A 
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm
skeletal element
artery 
nerve
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15
Q

function of the ectoderm

A

lines the outide and forms clefts in between arches

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16
Q

function of mesoderm

A

in middle plus neural crest cells

contrinutes to cartilage and muscle

17
Q

function of the endoderm

A

forms inside and forms pouches in between the arches

18
Q

nerves of the 1st arch

A

mandibular branch of trigeminal V

19
Q

nerves of the 2nd arch

A

facial nerve VII

20
Q

nerves of the 3rd arch

A

glossopharyngeal n IX

21
Q

nerves of the 4th arch

A

superior laryngeal branch of vagus X

22
Q

nerves of the 6th arch

A

recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus X

23
Q

what nerve is all the muscles of the face innervated by?

A

VII cranial nerve - facial nerve

therefore all these muscles developed from the 2nd branchial arch

24
Q

what nerve is the digastric muscle innervated by?

A

anterior belly innervated by mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve V3

posterior belly innervated by facial nerve

25
Q

what are other important structures developing from the branchial arches?

A

tongue
thyroid gland
parathyroid gland
part of the pituitary gland

26
Q

the face develops from 5 processes. What are these 5 processes?

A

One frontonasal process (from mesenchyme superior to future mouth)

Two maxillary processes ( from maxillary part of 1st branchial arch mesoderm)

Two mandibular processes (also 1st arch mesoderm)
Important for understanding of how congenital facial defects (clefts) develop

27
Q

what is stage 1 of development of palate

A

Medial nasal process grows downwards and forms philtrum. This forms the primary palate

28
Q

stage 2 of development of palate

A

2:From the maxillary processes, two palatine shelves grow inwards

29
Q

stage 3 of development of palate

A

The palatine shelves meet in the midline to form the secondary palate.

30
Q

how are membranous bones from the cranium formed?

A

membranous ossifiaction calvaria

31
Q

what type of bones is present on the base of skull?

A

irregular bones

32
Q

how are irregular bones formed?

A

formed by endochondral ossification

33
Q

how is the viscerocranium formed?

A

partly from branchial arches and partly from sensory capsules

34
Q

how is the base of the skull formed

A

Mesenchyme around notochord is derived predominantly from neural crest cells

Preform in cartilage first

later then ossify

35
Q

what are sensory capsules?

A

derived from mesoderm of somites in head and neck region.

36
Q

function of sensory capsules

A

these preform in cartilage and ossify to form bones around the sense organs

37
Q

what is an example of a 1st pharyngeal arch abnormality?

A

treacher collins syndrome

systems- head and neck - oc (12 decks)

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